THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
MS. BERNADETH S. BALLESTEROS
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY - MOA
Date started: August 27, 2023 - 1st Term
Prepared by: Kristel Joyce C. | PSY 236 | B5 size
Dimensions for a Concept of Humanity
1. Determinism VS Free Choice
Theories of Personality
2. Pessimism VS Optimism
Personality 3. Causality VS Teleology
● Latin word for “persona.” 4. Conscious VS Unconscious Determinants of
● Theatrical mask worn by roman actors in Behavior
Greek dramas to project a role or false
appearance. 5, Biological VS Social Influences on Personality
● A pattern of relatively permanent traits and 6. Uniqueness VS Similarities
unique characteristics that give both
consistency and individuality to a person’s
behavior.
Trait
● Contribute to individual differences in
behavior, consistency of behavior over time,
and stability of behavior across situations.
● May be unique, common to some group, or
shared by the entire species.
Characteristics
● Are unique qualities of an individual that
include such attributes as temperament,
physique, and intelligence.
Theory
● A set of related assumptions that allows to
use logical deductive reasoning to formulated
testable hypotheses.
o Set: more than one; to integrate
observations.
o Related: possesses consistency
o Assumptions: not proven facts but
accepted as true.
o Logical: characterized by or
capable of clear, sound reasoning.
o Testable: suggests a theory’s
worth.
Approaches to Personality
Psychoanalytic
● Unconscious mind is responsible for important
differences in behavior styles.
Trait
● An individual lies a long continuum of various
personality characteristics.
Humanistic
● Personal responsibility and feelings of self-
acceptance cause differences in personality.
Social-Cognitive
● People process information to explain
differences in behavior.
1 I THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
, THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
MS. BERNADETH S. BALLESTEROS
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY - MOA
Date started: August 27, 2023 - 1st Term
Prepared by: Kristel Joyce C. | PSY 236 | B5 size
Provinces of the Mind
Id
Sigmund Freud
● Completely unconscious.
Levels of Mental Life ● No contact with reality.
Conscious ● Pleasure principle.
● Contains elements of awareness of any given Ego
point in time.
● Completely preconscious, unconscious.
● Minor role in the psychodynamic theory.
● In contact with reality.
Preconscious ● Reality principle.
● Contains elements that are not conscious Superego
but can be reality so.
● Preconscious, unconscious.
● Sublevel of unconscious.
● No contact with outside world.
Unconscious ● Moralistic and idealistic principle.
● Drives, urges, instincts, beyond awareness.
o Phylogenetic Endowment: the 1. Conscience: punishments (should not do);
experiences of our early ancestors produces guilt.
that have been passed on to us 2. Ego-Ideal: rewards (should do); produces
through hundreds or generation of
inferiority feelings.
repetitions.
Dynamics of Personality
Anxiety
● Felt, affective, unpleasant state accompanied
by physical sensation that warns the person of
impending danger.
Kinds of Anxiety
Neurotic An apprehension about an unknown
Anxiety danger originates from the Id. Result
from fear of punishment or authority.
Moral Originates from conflict between ego
Anxiety and superego. Result from failure to do
behave correctly.
Realistic / Originates from outside world.
Objective Resembles fear but does not involve
Figure 1.1: Freud Personality Structure Anxiety specific feared object. An unpleasant,
nonspecific feeling involving a possible
Anteroom danger.
● The people inside represent the unconscious
images.
Defense Mechanisms and Psychopathology
Reception Room
Purpose
● The preconscious, with ideas which may or
may not come into view of the king ● To avoid dealing directly with instinctual
(consciousness). demands and to defend the ego against
anxiety that accompanies the demands.
Doorkeeper ● May be normal and universal.
● The primary censor. ● Psychopathology: compulsive, repetitive,
neurotic behaviors.
Screen
● The final censor which prevents many but not
all from reaching consciousness.
2 I THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
, THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
MS. BERNADETH S. BALLESTEROS
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY - MOA
Date started: August 27, 2023 - 1st Term
Prepared by: Kristel Joyce C. | PSY 236 | B5 size
Defense Mechanisms and Psychopathology Less Primitive
Primitive Repression
Fixations ● Most basic.
● Forces threatening feelings into the
● Permanent. unconscious.
● Remaining at the present more comfortable ● Somatoform disorder: self-diagnose
stage of development.
● Oral Fixations: smoking, gum-chewing, nail Undoing
biting. ● Look away with unpleasant experiences and
● Anal Fixation: orderliness, obsessiveness, consequences by making it disappear through
rigidity. repetitive and ceremonial acts.
● Phallic Fixation: vanity, exhibitionism, pride.
Isolation
Regression ● Use obsessive thoughts to black out any
● Temporary. feeling that follows an unwanted experience
● Reverting to an earlier stage of development and sever associations.
which has lesser stress. o Bad experiences (rape, death of
o Tantrums, mocking, baby-talk loved ones)
Projection Displacement
● Attributing unwanted internal impulse to an ● Redirect unacceptable urges onto different
external object or person. people or objects so that original impulse is
o Passing your fault to another concealed.
person. o Looks for someone who looks less
intimidating to vent out.
Introjection
Compartmentalization
● Incorporating positive qualities of another
person onto own self. ● Lesser form of dissociation.
● Gives inflated sense of self-worth. ● Separate parts of self from awareness of other
o Imitating your idol. parts and behaving as if one has separate sets
of values.
Acting Out o Separate personal life from work
life.
● Performing an extreme behavior to express
thoughts or feelings the person is incapable of intellectualization
expressing.
o Self-harm ● Dealing with stressors by excessive use of
abstract thinking or complex explanations to
Denial control disturbing feelings.
● Refusal to accept reality or fact as if the painful o Use of abstract thinking.
event or thought did not exist while being Rationalization
apparent to others.
● Most primitive. ● Giving another interpretation to a situation in
the face of changing reality.
Reaction Formation o Blames others, uses excuses
● Doing opposite in an exaggerated, Mature
compulsive, obsessive way.
● Form of reaction that is acceptable to Compensation
society/others. ● Counterbalancing perceived weaknesses by
o Backstabbing. emphasizing strength in other arenas.
Dissociation Sublimation
● Breaking part of memory, consciousness or ● Beneficial to self and society.
perception of self or the environment to avoid
unbearable thought feelings and memories.
● Repression of genital aim onto cultural or
social aim.
o Going somewhere you can vent
(rage room)
3 I THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
MS. BERNADETH S. BALLESTEROS
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY - MOA
Date started: August 27, 2023 - 1st Term
Prepared by: Kristel Joyce C. | PSY 236 | B5 size
Dimensions for a Concept of Humanity
1. Determinism VS Free Choice
Theories of Personality
2. Pessimism VS Optimism
Personality 3. Causality VS Teleology
● Latin word for “persona.” 4. Conscious VS Unconscious Determinants of
● Theatrical mask worn by roman actors in Behavior
Greek dramas to project a role or false
appearance. 5, Biological VS Social Influences on Personality
● A pattern of relatively permanent traits and 6. Uniqueness VS Similarities
unique characteristics that give both
consistency and individuality to a person’s
behavior.
Trait
● Contribute to individual differences in
behavior, consistency of behavior over time,
and stability of behavior across situations.
● May be unique, common to some group, or
shared by the entire species.
Characteristics
● Are unique qualities of an individual that
include such attributes as temperament,
physique, and intelligence.
Theory
● A set of related assumptions that allows to
use logical deductive reasoning to formulated
testable hypotheses.
o Set: more than one; to integrate
observations.
o Related: possesses consistency
o Assumptions: not proven facts but
accepted as true.
o Logical: characterized by or
capable of clear, sound reasoning.
o Testable: suggests a theory’s
worth.
Approaches to Personality
Psychoanalytic
● Unconscious mind is responsible for important
differences in behavior styles.
Trait
● An individual lies a long continuum of various
personality characteristics.
Humanistic
● Personal responsibility and feelings of self-
acceptance cause differences in personality.
Social-Cognitive
● People process information to explain
differences in behavior.
1 I THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
, THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
MS. BERNADETH S. BALLESTEROS
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY - MOA
Date started: August 27, 2023 - 1st Term
Prepared by: Kristel Joyce C. | PSY 236 | B5 size
Provinces of the Mind
Id
Sigmund Freud
● Completely unconscious.
Levels of Mental Life ● No contact with reality.
Conscious ● Pleasure principle.
● Contains elements of awareness of any given Ego
point in time.
● Completely preconscious, unconscious.
● Minor role in the psychodynamic theory.
● In contact with reality.
Preconscious ● Reality principle.
● Contains elements that are not conscious Superego
but can be reality so.
● Preconscious, unconscious.
● Sublevel of unconscious.
● No contact with outside world.
Unconscious ● Moralistic and idealistic principle.
● Drives, urges, instincts, beyond awareness.
o Phylogenetic Endowment: the 1. Conscience: punishments (should not do);
experiences of our early ancestors produces guilt.
that have been passed on to us 2. Ego-Ideal: rewards (should do); produces
through hundreds or generation of
inferiority feelings.
repetitions.
Dynamics of Personality
Anxiety
● Felt, affective, unpleasant state accompanied
by physical sensation that warns the person of
impending danger.
Kinds of Anxiety
Neurotic An apprehension about an unknown
Anxiety danger originates from the Id. Result
from fear of punishment or authority.
Moral Originates from conflict between ego
Anxiety and superego. Result from failure to do
behave correctly.
Realistic / Originates from outside world.
Objective Resembles fear but does not involve
Figure 1.1: Freud Personality Structure Anxiety specific feared object. An unpleasant,
nonspecific feeling involving a possible
Anteroom danger.
● The people inside represent the unconscious
images.
Defense Mechanisms and Psychopathology
Reception Room
Purpose
● The preconscious, with ideas which may or
may not come into view of the king ● To avoid dealing directly with instinctual
(consciousness). demands and to defend the ego against
anxiety that accompanies the demands.
Doorkeeper ● May be normal and universal.
● The primary censor. ● Psychopathology: compulsive, repetitive,
neurotic behaviors.
Screen
● The final censor which prevents many but not
all from reaching consciousness.
2 I THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
, THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
MS. BERNADETH S. BALLESTEROS
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY - MOA
Date started: August 27, 2023 - 1st Term
Prepared by: Kristel Joyce C. | PSY 236 | B5 size
Defense Mechanisms and Psychopathology Less Primitive
Primitive Repression
Fixations ● Most basic.
● Forces threatening feelings into the
● Permanent. unconscious.
● Remaining at the present more comfortable ● Somatoform disorder: self-diagnose
stage of development.
● Oral Fixations: smoking, gum-chewing, nail Undoing
biting. ● Look away with unpleasant experiences and
● Anal Fixation: orderliness, obsessiveness, consequences by making it disappear through
rigidity. repetitive and ceremonial acts.
● Phallic Fixation: vanity, exhibitionism, pride.
Isolation
Regression ● Use obsessive thoughts to black out any
● Temporary. feeling that follows an unwanted experience
● Reverting to an earlier stage of development and sever associations.
which has lesser stress. o Bad experiences (rape, death of
o Tantrums, mocking, baby-talk loved ones)
Projection Displacement
● Attributing unwanted internal impulse to an ● Redirect unacceptable urges onto different
external object or person. people or objects so that original impulse is
o Passing your fault to another concealed.
person. o Looks for someone who looks less
intimidating to vent out.
Introjection
Compartmentalization
● Incorporating positive qualities of another
person onto own self. ● Lesser form of dissociation.
● Gives inflated sense of self-worth. ● Separate parts of self from awareness of other
o Imitating your idol. parts and behaving as if one has separate sets
of values.
Acting Out o Separate personal life from work
life.
● Performing an extreme behavior to express
thoughts or feelings the person is incapable of intellectualization
expressing.
o Self-harm ● Dealing with stressors by excessive use of
abstract thinking or complex explanations to
Denial control disturbing feelings.
● Refusal to accept reality or fact as if the painful o Use of abstract thinking.
event or thought did not exist while being Rationalization
apparent to others.
● Most primitive. ● Giving another interpretation to a situation in
the face of changing reality.
Reaction Formation o Blames others, uses excuses
● Doing opposite in an exaggerated, Mature
compulsive, obsessive way.
● Form of reaction that is acceptable to Compensation
society/others. ● Counterbalancing perceived weaknesses by
o Backstabbing. emphasizing strength in other arenas.
Dissociation Sublimation
● Breaking part of memory, consciousness or ● Beneficial to self and society.
perception of self or the environment to avoid
unbearable thought feelings and memories.
● Repression of genital aim onto cultural or
social aim.
o Going somewhere you can vent
(rage room)
3 I THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
