BiologicAl Psychology
Balquin, Kristel Joyce C. | PSY 235 National University - MOA
CHAPTER 1 APA Code of Ethics
Biopsychology as a Neuroscience Code of Ethics
• Guides professionals working in psychology so that
Biopsychology they’re better equip with the knowledge of what to
• Scientific study of the biology of behavior. do when they encounter some moral or ethical
• Denotes a biological approach to the study of dilemma.
psychology rather than a psychological approach to • Outlines aspirational principles as well as
the study of biology. enforceable standards that psychologists should
• Became a major neuroscientific discipline in the use making decisions.
20th century. • Meant to guide health professionals in making the
best ethical decisions on a regular basis.
Neuroscience
5 Principles
Neuroanatomy
Principle A: Beneficence and Non-Maleficence
• Structure of the nervous system.
• States that psychologists should
Neurochemistry strive to protect the rights and
welfare of those whom they work
• Chemical bases of nerual activity. professionally.
• Beneficence: research must be
Neuroendocrinology
something that will be helpful to
• Study of interactions between the nervous system people.
and the endocrine system. • Nonmaleficence: research not
purposely cause harm.
Neuropathology
Principle B: Fidelity and Responsibility
• Study of nervous system dysfunction. • States that we have a moral
responsibility to help ensure that
Neuropharmacology
others working in their profession
• Study of the effects of drugs on neural activity. also uphold high ethical standards.
• To be loyal and truthful in their
Neurophysiology relationships with others.
• Study of the functions and activities of the nervous
system. 5 Principles
The 3R Principle Principle C: Integrity
• Should never attempt to deceive or
Replace misrepresent.
• Animal is only approved if no suitable alternative • Strive for transparency and honesty
method exists. in their practice.
Principle D: Justice
Reduce • To be fair and impartial.
• Only the smallest number of animals necessary for • Have a right to access and benefit
an experiment may be used. from advances that have been
made in the field of psychology.
Refine Principle E: Respect for People’s Rights & Dignity
• Housing and experimental conditions are being • Should respect the right to dignity,
constantly optimized to subject laboratory animals privacy, and confidentiality of those
to as little stress as possible. they work with professionally.
• Includes always choosing the most animal-friendly
experimental method. 10 Standards
Variable Resolving • Provides information about
Ethical Issues what psychologists should do to
Independent Variable resolve ethical situations they
may encounter.
• Variable that is changed.
Competence • Clear at what they are trained to
Dependent Variable do as well as what they are
• Variable affected by the changed. NOT trained to do.
Human • Designed to guide
Confounding Variable Relations psychologists in their
• Variables that you may not be aware of that could interactions with others in the
have an impact on the dependent variable. field.
Privacy and • Psychologists’ responsibilities
Confidentiality about maintaining patient
confidentiality.
• Take reasonable precautions to
keep client information
problem.
Biological Psychology | Page 1 of 30
,BiologicAl Psychology
Balquin, Kristel Joyce C. | PSY 235 National University - MOA
10 Standards CHAPTER 2
Advertising and • Those who advertise their
Other Public service must ensure that they Human Evolution
Statements accurately depict their
training, experience, and
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
expertise. • Provided extensive evidence and explained the
Record Keeping • Involves detailing how studies mechanism of evolution.
and Fees were performed and the • Direct observations of evolution.
procedures that were used. • That evolution occurs through natural selection.
Education and • Focuses on expectations for • Theory faced resistance in the 19th century due to
Training behavior when psychologists conflicting views.
are teaching or training • Evolution is a beautiful and crucial concept for
students. human welfare, medical science, and our
Research and • Focuses on ethical understanding of the world.
Publication considerations when
conducting research and Evidence of Evolution
publishing results. Fossils • Fossil records change
Assessments • Should be used to support a systematically through
psychologist’s professional geological layers.
opinion, but also understand Comparative • Striking structural similarities
the limitations of these tools. Anatomy among diverse living species.
Therapy • Outlines professional Embryo • Major changes have been
expectations within the Development created in domestic plants and
context of providing therapy. animals by programs of
selective breeding.
Divisions of Biopsychology
Direct • Evolution has been observed in
Physiological Psychology Observations progress.
of Evolution • Birds with long beak would
• Neural mechanisms of behavior by manipulating
survive and reproduce in 18-
the nervous system of nonhuman animals in
month drought on one of the
controlled experiments.
Galapagos Islands (difficult to
Psychopharmacology eat seeds).
• Effects of drugs on the brain and behavior. Isolating Mechanisms
Neuropsychology Temporal Isolation
• Psychological effects of brain damage in human • Some mate and reproduce at a different time or in
patients. a different season than the rest of the population.
Psychophysiology Behavioral Isolation
• Relation between physiological activity and • Some have different courtship behaviors, mating
psychological processes in human subjects by non- songs, dance, etc.
invasive physiological recording.
Geographical Isolation
Cognitive Neuroscience • Part is separated by a geographical element like
• Neural mechanisms of human cognition, largely distance, body of water, mountain, or natural
through the use of functional brain imaging. disaster.
Comparative Psychology Reproductive Isolation
• Study of the evolution, genetics, and adaptiveness • Temporal, Behavioral, and Geographical Isolation
of behavior, with the use of comparative method. can lead to Reproductive Isolation.
• Focuses on the behavior of animals in their natural • Part of the population cannot mate with others.
environments. • Inability of related species to breed.
• Over time, members of the isolated population will
become very different that they can no longer mate
and produce fertile offspring with the original
population.
Mechanical Isolation
• Mating between two closely related species is
inhibited as their genitals are not compatible.
• Physical differences prevent copulation.
Biological Psychology | Page 2 of 30
, BiologicAl Psychology
Balquin, Kristel Joyce C. | PSY 235 National University - MOA
Classes of Vertebrates Homo • Most similar to a hairy-footed,
florensiensis ring-bearing species whose
Class Agnatha name is the legal property of the
• Jawless Fish Tolkien estate.
• Most lawsuits brought by the
Class Chondrichthyes Tolkien estate.
• Cartilage Fish • Flores, Indonesia
• 95 000 – 12 000 years ago
Class Osteichthyes Piltdown Man • Defrauding the archeological
• Bony Fish community for forty years.
• United Kingdom
Class Amphibia • 1912 – 1953
• Amphibians Homo sapiens • Human history
• Frogs, toads, and salamanders must live in water • Earth, moon, a galaxy far, far
during their larval form. away
• Adult stage of amphibians is adapted to survive on • 150 000 years ago – present
land.
• Fins and gills adapted into legs and lungs. Fundamental Genetics
Class Reptilia Mendelian Genetics
• Reptiles • Gregor Mendel
• Laying shell-covered eggs. • First study done on pea plants.
• Being covered by dry scales. • Traits occur distinctly, not in combination.
• Ability to thrive in diverse environments and reduce • Traits passed to offspring through genetics.
their dependence on aquatic habitats. • Phenotype: observable traits (Brown)
• Genotype: scoring of the type of variant present
Class Aves (Bb)
• Birds
Genotype
Class Mammalia • Genetic information or make-up of an individual
• Mammals found in the individual’s cells.
• Females nourished their young with secretions from • An organism’s genetic information.
mammary glands. o Homozygous dominant: BB (both
• Primates, including humans, are categorized as dominant traits are passed down)
hominins. o Homozygous recessive: bb (both
• Homo is believed to consist of at least eight species recessive traits are passed down)
with seven now extinct. o Heterozygous: Bb (one dominant and
one recessive trait are passed down)
Australopithecus • First to walk upright. Phenotype
afarensis • Second most loved lucy
• Eastern Africa • Set of observable physical trait.
• 3.85 – 2.95 million years ago. • Observable physical trait based on the expression
of the genotype.
Homo habilus • First stone tools
o Hair color
• Eastern and Southern Africa
o Eye color
• 2.4 – 1.4 million years ago.
o Height
Homo erectus • First art
• First non-accidental rife
• Most giggled at by middle
schooler.
• Africa, Southern Asia1.89
million – 143,000 years ago.
Homo • First spears
heidelbergensis • First non-accidental burial of
dead.
• Africa, Western Asia, Europe
• 700,000 – 200,000 years ago.
Homo • First early human fossils
neanderthalensis discovered.
• First clothing.
• Second to have sex with
Homo sapiens
Denisovan • Most extrapolated from one
finger bone and a couple
teeth
• Asia, Europe
• 40,000 years ago.
Biological Psychology | Page 3 of 30
Balquin, Kristel Joyce C. | PSY 235 National University - MOA
CHAPTER 1 APA Code of Ethics
Biopsychology as a Neuroscience Code of Ethics
• Guides professionals working in psychology so that
Biopsychology they’re better equip with the knowledge of what to
• Scientific study of the biology of behavior. do when they encounter some moral or ethical
• Denotes a biological approach to the study of dilemma.
psychology rather than a psychological approach to • Outlines aspirational principles as well as
the study of biology. enforceable standards that psychologists should
• Became a major neuroscientific discipline in the use making decisions.
20th century. • Meant to guide health professionals in making the
best ethical decisions on a regular basis.
Neuroscience
5 Principles
Neuroanatomy
Principle A: Beneficence and Non-Maleficence
• Structure of the nervous system.
• States that psychologists should
Neurochemistry strive to protect the rights and
welfare of those whom they work
• Chemical bases of nerual activity. professionally.
• Beneficence: research must be
Neuroendocrinology
something that will be helpful to
• Study of interactions between the nervous system people.
and the endocrine system. • Nonmaleficence: research not
purposely cause harm.
Neuropathology
Principle B: Fidelity and Responsibility
• Study of nervous system dysfunction. • States that we have a moral
responsibility to help ensure that
Neuropharmacology
others working in their profession
• Study of the effects of drugs on neural activity. also uphold high ethical standards.
• To be loyal and truthful in their
Neurophysiology relationships with others.
• Study of the functions and activities of the nervous
system. 5 Principles
The 3R Principle Principle C: Integrity
• Should never attempt to deceive or
Replace misrepresent.
• Animal is only approved if no suitable alternative • Strive for transparency and honesty
method exists. in their practice.
Principle D: Justice
Reduce • To be fair and impartial.
• Only the smallest number of animals necessary for • Have a right to access and benefit
an experiment may be used. from advances that have been
made in the field of psychology.
Refine Principle E: Respect for People’s Rights & Dignity
• Housing and experimental conditions are being • Should respect the right to dignity,
constantly optimized to subject laboratory animals privacy, and confidentiality of those
to as little stress as possible. they work with professionally.
• Includes always choosing the most animal-friendly
experimental method. 10 Standards
Variable Resolving • Provides information about
Ethical Issues what psychologists should do to
Independent Variable resolve ethical situations they
may encounter.
• Variable that is changed.
Competence • Clear at what they are trained to
Dependent Variable do as well as what they are
• Variable affected by the changed. NOT trained to do.
Human • Designed to guide
Confounding Variable Relations psychologists in their
• Variables that you may not be aware of that could interactions with others in the
have an impact on the dependent variable. field.
Privacy and • Psychologists’ responsibilities
Confidentiality about maintaining patient
confidentiality.
• Take reasonable precautions to
keep client information
problem.
Biological Psychology | Page 1 of 30
,BiologicAl Psychology
Balquin, Kristel Joyce C. | PSY 235 National University - MOA
10 Standards CHAPTER 2
Advertising and • Those who advertise their
Other Public service must ensure that they Human Evolution
Statements accurately depict their
training, experience, and
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
expertise. • Provided extensive evidence and explained the
Record Keeping • Involves detailing how studies mechanism of evolution.
and Fees were performed and the • Direct observations of evolution.
procedures that were used. • That evolution occurs through natural selection.
Education and • Focuses on expectations for • Theory faced resistance in the 19th century due to
Training behavior when psychologists conflicting views.
are teaching or training • Evolution is a beautiful and crucial concept for
students. human welfare, medical science, and our
Research and • Focuses on ethical understanding of the world.
Publication considerations when
conducting research and Evidence of Evolution
publishing results. Fossils • Fossil records change
Assessments • Should be used to support a systematically through
psychologist’s professional geological layers.
opinion, but also understand Comparative • Striking structural similarities
the limitations of these tools. Anatomy among diverse living species.
Therapy • Outlines professional Embryo • Major changes have been
expectations within the Development created in domestic plants and
context of providing therapy. animals by programs of
selective breeding.
Divisions of Biopsychology
Direct • Evolution has been observed in
Physiological Psychology Observations progress.
of Evolution • Birds with long beak would
• Neural mechanisms of behavior by manipulating
survive and reproduce in 18-
the nervous system of nonhuman animals in
month drought on one of the
controlled experiments.
Galapagos Islands (difficult to
Psychopharmacology eat seeds).
• Effects of drugs on the brain and behavior. Isolating Mechanisms
Neuropsychology Temporal Isolation
• Psychological effects of brain damage in human • Some mate and reproduce at a different time or in
patients. a different season than the rest of the population.
Psychophysiology Behavioral Isolation
• Relation between physiological activity and • Some have different courtship behaviors, mating
psychological processes in human subjects by non- songs, dance, etc.
invasive physiological recording.
Geographical Isolation
Cognitive Neuroscience • Part is separated by a geographical element like
• Neural mechanisms of human cognition, largely distance, body of water, mountain, or natural
through the use of functional brain imaging. disaster.
Comparative Psychology Reproductive Isolation
• Study of the evolution, genetics, and adaptiveness • Temporal, Behavioral, and Geographical Isolation
of behavior, with the use of comparative method. can lead to Reproductive Isolation.
• Focuses on the behavior of animals in their natural • Part of the population cannot mate with others.
environments. • Inability of related species to breed.
• Over time, members of the isolated population will
become very different that they can no longer mate
and produce fertile offspring with the original
population.
Mechanical Isolation
• Mating between two closely related species is
inhibited as their genitals are not compatible.
• Physical differences prevent copulation.
Biological Psychology | Page 2 of 30
, BiologicAl Psychology
Balquin, Kristel Joyce C. | PSY 235 National University - MOA
Classes of Vertebrates Homo • Most similar to a hairy-footed,
florensiensis ring-bearing species whose
Class Agnatha name is the legal property of the
• Jawless Fish Tolkien estate.
• Most lawsuits brought by the
Class Chondrichthyes Tolkien estate.
• Cartilage Fish • Flores, Indonesia
• 95 000 – 12 000 years ago
Class Osteichthyes Piltdown Man • Defrauding the archeological
• Bony Fish community for forty years.
• United Kingdom
Class Amphibia • 1912 – 1953
• Amphibians Homo sapiens • Human history
• Frogs, toads, and salamanders must live in water • Earth, moon, a galaxy far, far
during their larval form. away
• Adult stage of amphibians is adapted to survive on • 150 000 years ago – present
land.
• Fins and gills adapted into legs and lungs. Fundamental Genetics
Class Reptilia Mendelian Genetics
• Reptiles • Gregor Mendel
• Laying shell-covered eggs. • First study done on pea plants.
• Being covered by dry scales. • Traits occur distinctly, not in combination.
• Ability to thrive in diverse environments and reduce • Traits passed to offspring through genetics.
their dependence on aquatic habitats. • Phenotype: observable traits (Brown)
• Genotype: scoring of the type of variant present
Class Aves (Bb)
• Birds
Genotype
Class Mammalia • Genetic information or make-up of an individual
• Mammals found in the individual’s cells.
• Females nourished their young with secretions from • An organism’s genetic information.
mammary glands. o Homozygous dominant: BB (both
• Primates, including humans, are categorized as dominant traits are passed down)
hominins. o Homozygous recessive: bb (both
• Homo is believed to consist of at least eight species recessive traits are passed down)
with seven now extinct. o Heterozygous: Bb (one dominant and
one recessive trait are passed down)
Australopithecus • First to walk upright. Phenotype
afarensis • Second most loved lucy
• Eastern Africa • Set of observable physical trait.
• 3.85 – 2.95 million years ago. • Observable physical trait based on the expression
of the genotype.
Homo habilus • First stone tools
o Hair color
• Eastern and Southern Africa
o Eye color
• 2.4 – 1.4 million years ago.
o Height
Homo erectus • First art
• First non-accidental rife
• Most giggled at by middle
schooler.
• Africa, Southern Asia1.89
million – 143,000 years ago.
Homo • First spears
heidelbergensis • First non-accidental burial of
dead.
• Africa, Western Asia, Europe
• 700,000 – 200,000 years ago.
Homo • First early human fossils
neanderthalensis discovered.
• First clothing.
• Second to have sex with
Homo sapiens
Denisovan • Most extrapolated from one
finger bone and a couple
teeth
• Asia, Europe
• 40,000 years ago.
Biological Psychology | Page 3 of 30
