Advanced Pathophysiology (Nurse
580) LATEST EXAM 2024/2025
Abnormalities of chromosomal structure - ANSWER -Deletions: chromosomal breakage or
loss of DNA
-Duplications: Excess genetic material; usually results in less serious consequences
-Inversion: chromosomal rearrangement in which chromosome segment is inverted. Usually affects
offspring
-Translocation: is the interchange of genetic material between non-homologous chromosomes ;
common in Downs Syndrome
-Reciprocal: breaks take place in two different chromosomes and material is exchanged
Activation of Mast Cells (causes/release pathways) - ANSWER -physical injury
-chemical agents
-immunologic processes
-toll-like receptors
*chemicals release in 2 ways: 1) degranulation (histamine)
2) synthesis of lipid derived chemical mediators
Alzheimer Disease (AD) - ANSWER Multifactorial Disorder
-familial history w/in 1st generation doubles risk
-affects amyloid-beta disposition
-precursor protein (APP gene) is the primary cause of AD
Aneuploidy - ANSWER Abnormal number of chromosomes.
-caused by nondisjunction
Aneuploidy of sex chromosomes - ANSWER
autosomal aneuploidy - ANSWER -Down syndrome (Trisomy 21)
, Advanced Pathophysiology (Nurse
580) LATEST EXAM 2024/2025
-1/800 births
-dependent on age
-increased risk of congenital heart disease, resp. infections, and leukemia
Autosomal recessive inheritance - ANSWER -rare
-many individuals are carriers
-abnormal allele is recessive
-condition is expressed equally in males and females
-consanguinity increased chance of autosomal recessive inheritance
recurrent risks: 25%
Barr bodies - ANSWER inactivated X chromosomes found only in females (always 1 less
than the number of the X chromosomes in the cell)
Cellular mediators of Inflammation - name the cellular components - ANSWER -
Erythrocytes
-Platelets
-Leukocytes
*cellular receptors
*cellular products = cytokines
CHD - ANSWER Multifactorial Disorder
coronary heart disease; potential MI caused by atherosclerosis
Chemokines - ANSWER -attract leukocytes to site of inflammation
-synthesized by many cells (macrophages, fibroblasts, endothelial cells)
580) LATEST EXAM 2024/2025
Abnormalities of chromosomal structure - ANSWER -Deletions: chromosomal breakage or
loss of DNA
-Duplications: Excess genetic material; usually results in less serious consequences
-Inversion: chromosomal rearrangement in which chromosome segment is inverted. Usually affects
offspring
-Translocation: is the interchange of genetic material between non-homologous chromosomes ;
common in Downs Syndrome
-Reciprocal: breaks take place in two different chromosomes and material is exchanged
Activation of Mast Cells (causes/release pathways) - ANSWER -physical injury
-chemical agents
-immunologic processes
-toll-like receptors
*chemicals release in 2 ways: 1) degranulation (histamine)
2) synthesis of lipid derived chemical mediators
Alzheimer Disease (AD) - ANSWER Multifactorial Disorder
-familial history w/in 1st generation doubles risk
-affects amyloid-beta disposition
-precursor protein (APP gene) is the primary cause of AD
Aneuploidy - ANSWER Abnormal number of chromosomes.
-caused by nondisjunction
Aneuploidy of sex chromosomes - ANSWER
autosomal aneuploidy - ANSWER -Down syndrome (Trisomy 21)
, Advanced Pathophysiology (Nurse
580) LATEST EXAM 2024/2025
-1/800 births
-dependent on age
-increased risk of congenital heart disease, resp. infections, and leukemia
Autosomal recessive inheritance - ANSWER -rare
-many individuals are carriers
-abnormal allele is recessive
-condition is expressed equally in males and females
-consanguinity increased chance of autosomal recessive inheritance
recurrent risks: 25%
Barr bodies - ANSWER inactivated X chromosomes found only in females (always 1 less
than the number of the X chromosomes in the cell)
Cellular mediators of Inflammation - name the cellular components - ANSWER -
Erythrocytes
-Platelets
-Leukocytes
*cellular receptors
*cellular products = cytokines
CHD - ANSWER Multifactorial Disorder
coronary heart disease; potential MI caused by atherosclerosis
Chemokines - ANSWER -attract leukocytes to site of inflammation
-synthesized by many cells (macrophages, fibroblasts, endothelial cells)
