BIOLOGY 117 FINAL WITH 137 QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
2024 ( A+ GRADED 100% VERIFIED)
1. Which type of reproduction creates offspring with the highest amount of
genetic diversity, sexual or asexual reproduction? Why?: Sexual reproduction (fusion
of haploid gametes to form diploid zygote) because asexual reproduction produces
offspring that are genetically identical to parent
2. What is budding?: offspring form on or in the parent via mitosis when fully
formed, offspring break free of the parent ex/ occurs in hydra
3. What is fission?: parent splits in two ex/ occurs in anemones
4. What is parthenogenesis?: female offspring develop from unfertilized eggs ex/
occurs in lizards
5. What occurs for external fertilization to be successful?: occurs in a moist
environment
union of sperm and eggs require cooperative behavior produce and release many
gametes 6. Internal fertilization: Fewer eggs require specialized reproductive systems
for the transport of gametes and copulation
gonads produce the gametes
several tubes and glands to transport and protect gametes
7. Which hormones are produced by the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary that
triggers puberty in both male and female humans?: LH (leuteinizing hormone)
FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)
produce testosterone in males or estradiol in females
8. What are the terms used to describe the cells produced in each stage of male
gametogenesis?: spermatogonium (2n) --> primary spermatocyte (2n) --> secondary
spermatocyte (n) --> spermatids (n) --> mature sperm cells (n)
9. What occurs between each stage of male gametogenesis?: mitosis and
differentiation meiosis I meiosis II
10. How many functional gametes are produced from one diploid germ cell in male
gametogenesis?: 4
11. Are all cells produced the same size in male gametogenesis?: yes
12. What hormone do leydig cells produce and what is their function?: testosterone
13. What hormone do sertoli cells produce and what is their function?: inhibin
14. In what structure do sperm cells mature, become motile, and gain the ability to
fertilize?: Epididymis
15. What are the terms used to describe the cells produced in each stage in female
gametogenesis?: oogonium (2n) --> primary oocyte (2n) --> secondary oocyte +
polar body (n) --> ootid (n) --> mature egg cell/ovum (n)
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, 16. How many functional gametes are produced from one diploid germ cell in
female gametogenesis?: 1
17. Are all cells produced the same size in female gametogenesis?: yes
18. What is the functional unit of the ovary?: the follicle
19. What occurs between the follicular phase and luteal phase of the menstrual
cycle?: ovulation
20. How does countercurrent exchange bring oxygen to a fetus developing inside a
placenta?: oxygen rich hemoglobin comes in and delivers oxygen to fetus, oxygen
poor goes out
21. Are there any differences between adult human hemoglobin and fetal
hemoglobin?: adult hemoglobin has lower affinity for oxygen than fetal hemoglobin
22. What are lysozymes?: antibacterial enzyme
23. How do ciliated cells provide a defense against pathogens?: sweep pathogens that
get stuck in our airways either down to the stomach or out of the nose
24. What are the roles of the different types of leukocytes that act in the
inflammatory response?: mast cells release histamines macrophages release
chemokines and digest bacteria neutraphylls digest bacteria
25. Which leukocytes release histamines?: mast cells
26. Which leukocytes phagocytize (ingest/digest) bacteria?: neutraphylls
27. What is an antigen?: any molecule on the surface of an invader helps to generate
antibody for that invader
29. What are antibodies?: produced by immune system glycoproteins or
proteins
bind to specific antigen, mark the invader for destruction
30. Where do B cells and T cells mature within the body before being sent
to the lymphatic system?: b cells mature in bone marrow t cells mature in
thymus
31 What is an epitope and on what type of molecule are they found (antigen or
antibody)?: TCR-binding site (binds antigens to antibodies) receptor on an antibody
32. What is clonal selection?: the activation of lymphocytes
1. antigens are recognized by receptors on B cells/T cells
2. lymphocytes are activated by antigen-receptor binding
3. activated lymphocytes are cloned
4. activated lymphocytes endure
33. What type of cells are produced when a B cell is activated in clonal selection?:
B cells produce antibodies
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2024 ( A+ GRADED 100% VERIFIED)
1. Which type of reproduction creates offspring with the highest amount of
genetic diversity, sexual or asexual reproduction? Why?: Sexual reproduction (fusion
of haploid gametes to form diploid zygote) because asexual reproduction produces
offspring that are genetically identical to parent
2. What is budding?: offspring form on or in the parent via mitosis when fully
formed, offspring break free of the parent ex/ occurs in hydra
3. What is fission?: parent splits in two ex/ occurs in anemones
4. What is parthenogenesis?: female offspring develop from unfertilized eggs ex/
occurs in lizards
5. What occurs for external fertilization to be successful?: occurs in a moist
environment
union of sperm and eggs require cooperative behavior produce and release many
gametes 6. Internal fertilization: Fewer eggs require specialized reproductive systems
for the transport of gametes and copulation
gonads produce the gametes
several tubes and glands to transport and protect gametes
7. Which hormones are produced by the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary that
triggers puberty in both male and female humans?: LH (leuteinizing hormone)
FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)
produce testosterone in males or estradiol in females
8. What are the terms used to describe the cells produced in each stage of male
gametogenesis?: spermatogonium (2n) --> primary spermatocyte (2n) --> secondary
spermatocyte (n) --> spermatids (n) --> mature sperm cells (n)
9. What occurs between each stage of male gametogenesis?: mitosis and
differentiation meiosis I meiosis II
10. How many functional gametes are produced from one diploid germ cell in male
gametogenesis?: 4
11. Are all cells produced the same size in male gametogenesis?: yes
12. What hormone do leydig cells produce and what is their function?: testosterone
13. What hormone do sertoli cells produce and what is their function?: inhibin
14. In what structure do sperm cells mature, become motile, and gain the ability to
fertilize?: Epididymis
15. What are the terms used to describe the cells produced in each stage in female
gametogenesis?: oogonium (2n) --> primary oocyte (2n) --> secondary oocyte +
polar body (n) --> ootid (n) --> mature egg cell/ovum (n)
1/9
, 16. How many functional gametes are produced from one diploid germ cell in
female gametogenesis?: 1
17. Are all cells produced the same size in female gametogenesis?: yes
18. What is the functional unit of the ovary?: the follicle
19. What occurs between the follicular phase and luteal phase of the menstrual
cycle?: ovulation
20. How does countercurrent exchange bring oxygen to a fetus developing inside a
placenta?: oxygen rich hemoglobin comes in and delivers oxygen to fetus, oxygen
poor goes out
21. Are there any differences between adult human hemoglobin and fetal
hemoglobin?: adult hemoglobin has lower affinity for oxygen than fetal hemoglobin
22. What are lysozymes?: antibacterial enzyme
23. How do ciliated cells provide a defense against pathogens?: sweep pathogens that
get stuck in our airways either down to the stomach or out of the nose
24. What are the roles of the different types of leukocytes that act in the
inflammatory response?: mast cells release histamines macrophages release
chemokines and digest bacteria neutraphylls digest bacteria
25. Which leukocytes release histamines?: mast cells
26. Which leukocytes phagocytize (ingest/digest) bacteria?: neutraphylls
27. What is an antigen?: any molecule on the surface of an invader helps to generate
antibody for that invader
29. What are antibodies?: produced by immune system glycoproteins or
proteins
bind to specific antigen, mark the invader for destruction
30. Where do B cells and T cells mature within the body before being sent
to the lymphatic system?: b cells mature in bone marrow t cells mature in
thymus
31 What is an epitope and on what type of molecule are they found (antigen or
antibody)?: TCR-binding site (binds antigens to antibodies) receptor on an antibody
32. What is clonal selection?: the activation of lymphocytes
1. antigens are recognized by receptors on B cells/T cells
2. lymphocytes are activated by antigen-receptor binding
3. activated lymphocytes are cloned
4. activated lymphocytes endure
33. What type of cells are produced when a B cell is activated in clonal selection?:
B cells produce antibodies
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