BIOLOGY 117 FINAL WITH 342 QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
2024 ( A+ GRADED 100% VERIFIED)
1. science: the process of identifying patterns and asking questions that help us to best
understand those patterns; the process of disproving hypotheses to focus in on the true
answer to a question.
2. hypothesis: specific, testable, rejectable statement
3. theory: statement that attempts to explain an event; tremendous amount of evidence
supporting the concept and pattern it describes.
4. pattern: general observations of repetition one sees within a system.
5. process: mechanism, or way in which a pattern occurs.
6. proximate pattern: pattern that occurs in the short term.
7. ultimate pattern: pattern that occurs in a longer time-frame.
8. cell theory: -all organisms are made of cells
-all cells come from preexisting cells
-life is continuous
-all cells are descended from a common ancestral cell
-there must be one "great ancestral" cell that everything started from
-Pasteur's experiment
9. evolution: heritable (genetic) change in a population over time; if certain heritable
traits help individuals produce more offspring, those traits become more common in
the population over time.
10. evolutionary theory: -evolution explains variation, how variation came about, and
what can happen if environmental conditions change.
-all species are related to each other through common ancestry; natural selection acts on
individuals, but evolutionary change affects only populations.
-variation exists
-species change over time because the environment changes over time.
11. biological hierarchy: -framework of organization regarding all life around us;
atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms,
populations, communities, ecosystem, biosphere.
-means of grouping units of something into nested groups
-real grouping= exist in nature
-hierarchy is real because changes in one level change the other levels
12. organisms: -individuals, that are typically a collection of organ systems; however
organisms can be single-celled.
,-how the organism behaves, its place in the community/population, how it survives as a
result of its behaviors and physiology.
-emergent property= natural selection
-natural selection acts on individuals
13. populations: -collections of individuals of the same species, typically
interbreeding.
-evolutionary change affects the population
-population growth, evolutionary processes, other changes through time.
-emergent property= evolution
-evolution acts on populations
14. communities: -collection of populations of different species living together in the
same area.
-boundaries set up by natural structures (mountains) or humans.
-diversity of species, richness of an area, species interactions and relationships each
species has with other species.
-predator/prey
15. ecosystems: -communities plus their abiotic factors (water, temperature, geology,
sunlight).
-biotic + abiotic factors
-energy flow and matter cycling
-a collection of ecosystems =biome
16. biosphere: -all the ecosystems (biomes) put together
-basically the earth
-all that gets in is sunlight, all that leaves is heat energy.
-climate change, climate, global issues
17. emergent properties: -there is similarity between individuals within each level,
with respect to structural and functional complexity.
-units of each level define the next level (come together to create the next level); organ
systems come together to form an organism.
-the collection of units at one level takes on a trait that is greater than the sum of the
parts; this property defines the next level in the hierarchy.
-organ systems by themselves cannont reproduce, but organisms can.
-safety in numbers, food sharing
-collection of units provides something more advantageous than just one unit -provides
the next higher level in the hierarchy an evolutionary advantage.
-must exist at one level but not below it.
,18. evolution's beginnings: -special creation=divine God created everything
-species never changed nor will change
-great chain of being=Aristotle; human beings on top
-variation is unimportant
19. Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck: -first formal evolutionary theory; first to ay species
change.
-species change via acquired characteristics- individuals change as a result of
environmental factors, and then pass those traits to offspring (giraffe neck).
-disproved by hereditary genetics
20. Darwin: -wrote the "Origin of Species"
-variation is important
-all species have a common ancestor
-all species show changes in characteristics through time
-all species show changes in characteristics in different environments.
21. natural selection requirements (descent with modification): trait variation,
heritability, differential survival, differential reproduction
22. trait variation in a population: -variation is the fuel of natural selection -without it
there are no traits to select for and against.
23. heritability: traits can be passed from parent to offspring by genes.
24. differential survival: -difference in survival to reproductive age based on the
condition of the trait.
-some individuals will produce more breeding offspring than others will.
-non-breeding individuals are no different than dead individuals.
-differences in the persistance of genes across time within a genetic line within a
population.
-difference in surviving times due to variation.
25. differential reproduction: -as a result of a condition of the trait, individuals will
have more breeding offspring than others, passing the genes for that condition into
the next generation.
-difference in breeding (offspring #) due to variation.
26. fitness: refers to the number of viable offspring you produce in a lifetime (how many
offspring the individual can reproduce).
27. adaption: -heritable trait that increases the relative fitness of individuals having the
trait.
-process by which individuals within a population acquire traits that increase their
relative fitness.
, 28. artificial selection: -similar process to natural selection
-selective pressure is not occurring as a result of non-human environmental conditions.
-the resulting desirable traits do not neccessary allow the individuals to survive and
reproduce more offspring in the wild; traits selected for are not necessarily the most fit
for the organism, but humans.
-selecting agents: not natural selection, but humans.
29. evidence for evolution: -species are related
-species and species diversity change over time
-evolution should be able to be seen in the short-term
30. macroevolution: the change of one major taxonomic group into another.
-can be attributed to geographic proximity
-the creation or extinction of a species
-common ancestry- evidence for relatedness of species (galapagos mocking birds).
-homology
-change over time= fossil record + vestigial traits
31. microevolution: the change in a population over generations that helps to separate
populations from each other genetically.
-short term intervals
-antibotic resistance with respect to STDs
-galapagos finches; after drought, beaks of finches increased in depth, and only plants
with larger seeds/nuts survived.
32. homology: similar traits in different/separate species due to a shared common
ancestor.
33. genetic homology: similar gene sequences between individuals of different species.
34. developmental homology: similarities in morphology of embryos of different
species.
35. structural homology: similarities in structure of body parts of different species.
36. fossil record: -not all species were together at one time
-extinction has taken place
-transitional forms exist (shown in fossils)
-major increases in species complexity takes billions of years
-life began in the sea
37. vestigial traits: structures in organisms commonly found in species that serve little
or no function.
-appendix, tailbone, webbing between fingers, goosebumps
38. atavism: vestigial trait found in very few individuals of a species.
2024 ( A+ GRADED 100% VERIFIED)
1. science: the process of identifying patterns and asking questions that help us to best
understand those patterns; the process of disproving hypotheses to focus in on the true
answer to a question.
2. hypothesis: specific, testable, rejectable statement
3. theory: statement that attempts to explain an event; tremendous amount of evidence
supporting the concept and pattern it describes.
4. pattern: general observations of repetition one sees within a system.
5. process: mechanism, or way in which a pattern occurs.
6. proximate pattern: pattern that occurs in the short term.
7. ultimate pattern: pattern that occurs in a longer time-frame.
8. cell theory: -all organisms are made of cells
-all cells come from preexisting cells
-life is continuous
-all cells are descended from a common ancestral cell
-there must be one "great ancestral" cell that everything started from
-Pasteur's experiment
9. evolution: heritable (genetic) change in a population over time; if certain heritable
traits help individuals produce more offspring, those traits become more common in
the population over time.
10. evolutionary theory: -evolution explains variation, how variation came about, and
what can happen if environmental conditions change.
-all species are related to each other through common ancestry; natural selection acts on
individuals, but evolutionary change affects only populations.
-variation exists
-species change over time because the environment changes over time.
11. biological hierarchy: -framework of organization regarding all life around us;
atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms,
populations, communities, ecosystem, biosphere.
-means of grouping units of something into nested groups
-real grouping= exist in nature
-hierarchy is real because changes in one level change the other levels
12. organisms: -individuals, that are typically a collection of organ systems; however
organisms can be single-celled.
,-how the organism behaves, its place in the community/population, how it survives as a
result of its behaviors and physiology.
-emergent property= natural selection
-natural selection acts on individuals
13. populations: -collections of individuals of the same species, typically
interbreeding.
-evolutionary change affects the population
-population growth, evolutionary processes, other changes through time.
-emergent property= evolution
-evolution acts on populations
14. communities: -collection of populations of different species living together in the
same area.
-boundaries set up by natural structures (mountains) or humans.
-diversity of species, richness of an area, species interactions and relationships each
species has with other species.
-predator/prey
15. ecosystems: -communities plus their abiotic factors (water, temperature, geology,
sunlight).
-biotic + abiotic factors
-energy flow and matter cycling
-a collection of ecosystems =biome
16. biosphere: -all the ecosystems (biomes) put together
-basically the earth
-all that gets in is sunlight, all that leaves is heat energy.
-climate change, climate, global issues
17. emergent properties: -there is similarity between individuals within each level,
with respect to structural and functional complexity.
-units of each level define the next level (come together to create the next level); organ
systems come together to form an organism.
-the collection of units at one level takes on a trait that is greater than the sum of the
parts; this property defines the next level in the hierarchy.
-organ systems by themselves cannont reproduce, but organisms can.
-safety in numbers, food sharing
-collection of units provides something more advantageous than just one unit -provides
the next higher level in the hierarchy an evolutionary advantage.
-must exist at one level but not below it.
,18. evolution's beginnings: -special creation=divine God created everything
-species never changed nor will change
-great chain of being=Aristotle; human beings on top
-variation is unimportant
19. Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck: -first formal evolutionary theory; first to ay species
change.
-species change via acquired characteristics- individuals change as a result of
environmental factors, and then pass those traits to offspring (giraffe neck).
-disproved by hereditary genetics
20. Darwin: -wrote the "Origin of Species"
-variation is important
-all species have a common ancestor
-all species show changes in characteristics through time
-all species show changes in characteristics in different environments.
21. natural selection requirements (descent with modification): trait variation,
heritability, differential survival, differential reproduction
22. trait variation in a population: -variation is the fuel of natural selection -without it
there are no traits to select for and against.
23. heritability: traits can be passed from parent to offspring by genes.
24. differential survival: -difference in survival to reproductive age based on the
condition of the trait.
-some individuals will produce more breeding offspring than others will.
-non-breeding individuals are no different than dead individuals.
-differences in the persistance of genes across time within a genetic line within a
population.
-difference in surviving times due to variation.
25. differential reproduction: -as a result of a condition of the trait, individuals will
have more breeding offspring than others, passing the genes for that condition into
the next generation.
-difference in breeding (offspring #) due to variation.
26. fitness: refers to the number of viable offspring you produce in a lifetime (how many
offspring the individual can reproduce).
27. adaption: -heritable trait that increases the relative fitness of individuals having the
trait.
-process by which individuals within a population acquire traits that increase their
relative fitness.
, 28. artificial selection: -similar process to natural selection
-selective pressure is not occurring as a result of non-human environmental conditions.
-the resulting desirable traits do not neccessary allow the individuals to survive and
reproduce more offspring in the wild; traits selected for are not necessarily the most fit
for the organism, but humans.
-selecting agents: not natural selection, but humans.
29. evidence for evolution: -species are related
-species and species diversity change over time
-evolution should be able to be seen in the short-term
30. macroevolution: the change of one major taxonomic group into another.
-can be attributed to geographic proximity
-the creation or extinction of a species
-common ancestry- evidence for relatedness of species (galapagos mocking birds).
-homology
-change over time= fossil record + vestigial traits
31. microevolution: the change in a population over generations that helps to separate
populations from each other genetically.
-short term intervals
-antibotic resistance with respect to STDs
-galapagos finches; after drought, beaks of finches increased in depth, and only plants
with larger seeds/nuts survived.
32. homology: similar traits in different/separate species due to a shared common
ancestor.
33. genetic homology: similar gene sequences between individuals of different species.
34. developmental homology: similarities in morphology of embryos of different
species.
35. structural homology: similarities in structure of body parts of different species.
36. fossil record: -not all species were together at one time
-extinction has taken place
-transitional forms exist (shown in fossils)
-major increases in species complexity takes billions of years
-life began in the sea
37. vestigial traits: structures in organisms commonly found in species that serve little
or no function.
-appendix, tailbone, webbing between fingers, goosebumps
38. atavism: vestigial trait found in very few individuals of a species.
