MCDB PHYSIOLOGY MODULES 1-6. REVISION
MATERIAL. UPDATED FOR 2024/2025. COMPLETE
WITH ANSWERS
1. What does the atomic number represent? number of protons
2. Neutral Atom: balanced atom; same number of protons and
electrons
3. How many electrons can each orbital hold? 2 electrons
4. What kinds of bonds can carbon form? single, double or triple
bonds
5. Does a double or triple bond take more energy to break?
triple
6. Covalent Bonds: sharing of electrons (can share 1, 2 or 3
electrons); stronger than ionic bonds
7. Nonpolar Covalent Bond: atoms sharing electrons equally; formed
between atoms with identical electronegativity
8. Polar Covalent Bond: unequal sharing of electrons; one atom has
more negative charge, one has more positive charge
9. Ionic Bonds: transfer of valence electrons from one atom to another
10. Hydrogen Bonds: weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and
another atom
1 1. Water is a molecule: polar
12. Compounds that dissolve easily in water: hydrophilic; generally
charged/polar
13. Compounds that do not dissolve in water: hydrophobic; nonpolar
14. Osmosis: movement of water across a selectively-permeable
membrane
15. Isotonic, Hypertonic, Hypotonic: refer to the inside of the cell
1/36
, MCDB PHYSIOLOGY MODULES 1-6. REVISION
MATERIAL. UPDATED FOR 2024/2025. COMPLETE
WITH ANSWERS
16. Isotonic Solution: equal concentration of water inside & outside of
cell; no movement of water
17. Hypertonic Solution: water moves out & cell shrinks; outside of cell
has higher concentration of solution than inside
18. Hypotonic Solution: water moves in; outside has less solute
concentration than inside; movement of water in creates
outward pressure that may cause cell to burst 19. If a
molecule has more electrons than protons, what is the net
charge of the molecule? negative
20. If a solution can dissolve in water, what does that indicate
about the solution? solution is polar
21. Of the following molecules, which are not held together by
hydrogen bonds?
a. water
b. DNA
c. fatty acids
d. cellulose: fatty acids
22. Of the following types of bonds, which are the strongest?
a. ionic
b. covalent
c. hydrogen: covalent
23. We decided to make our own salad dressing and added oil
to water. We shook up the solution and saw small drops of
2/36
, MCDB PHYSIOLOGY MODULES 1-6. REVISION
MATERIAL. UPDATED FOR 2024/2025. COMPLETE
WITH ANSWERS
oil, but the oil did not dissolve. What type of interaction
are we observing? hydrophobic
24. Organic molecules all contain : carbon
25. Building blocks of protein: amino acids (20 different kinds)
26. Proteins are : polymers of amino acids; joined by covalent
bonds called peptides
27. Can proteins be broken down? Yes, into amino acids
28. Four Orders of Protein Structure: primary, secondary, tertiary,
quaternary 29. What must happen for newly synthesized
polypeptides to mature into biologically functional proteins?
must fold into specific 3d arrangement or conformation
30. String of amino acids: polypeptide chain
31. Primary Structure: peptide bonding; results from bonds of
neighboring amino acids
32. Secondary Structure: hydrogen bonding; groups of more distant
amino acids 33. Tertiary Structure: ionic bonding; unique bending &
folding into 3D shape given by multiple factors
34. Quaternary Structure: unique functional tertiary bonds form
covalent bonds
35. Amino acids are joined together by which type of bonds?
peptide bonds 36. Secondary protein structures are formed
by which types of bonds? hydrogen bonds
37. The unique qualities of each amino acid is determined by
which of the following?
a. nitrogen bonding
3/36
, MCDB PHYSIOLOGY MODULES 1-6. REVISION
MATERIAL. UPDATED FOR 2024/2025. COMPLETE
WITH ANSWERS
b. peptide bonding
c. R group
d. hydrogen bonding: R group
38. Most important carbohydrate: glucose; major metabolic fuel of
mammals
39. "Parent Sugar": glucose; 6-sided molecule
40. Carbohydrates: organic molecules that consist of carbon,
hydrogen & oxygen in a 1 :2:1 ratio
41. Monosaccharides: glucose
42. Monosaccharides are joined together by : glycosidic bonds
43. Disaccharides: two monosaccharide units
44. Oligosaccharides: multi-monosaccharides
45. Polysaccharides: numerous monosaccharides
46. Starch: polysaccharide that stores carbohydrate fuel in plants
47. Glycogen: polysaccharide that stores carbohydrate fuel in
humans
48. Of the following carbohydrate molecules, which contains the
most energy?
a. glucose
b. disaccharide
c. oligosaccharide
d. polysaccharide: polysaccharide
49. What is the term for bonds that join monosaccharides together?
glycosidic
4/36
MATERIAL. UPDATED FOR 2024/2025. COMPLETE
WITH ANSWERS
1. What does the atomic number represent? number of protons
2. Neutral Atom: balanced atom; same number of protons and
electrons
3. How many electrons can each orbital hold? 2 electrons
4. What kinds of bonds can carbon form? single, double or triple
bonds
5. Does a double or triple bond take more energy to break?
triple
6. Covalent Bonds: sharing of electrons (can share 1, 2 or 3
electrons); stronger than ionic bonds
7. Nonpolar Covalent Bond: atoms sharing electrons equally; formed
between atoms with identical electronegativity
8. Polar Covalent Bond: unequal sharing of electrons; one atom has
more negative charge, one has more positive charge
9. Ionic Bonds: transfer of valence electrons from one atom to another
10. Hydrogen Bonds: weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and
another atom
1 1. Water is a molecule: polar
12. Compounds that dissolve easily in water: hydrophilic; generally
charged/polar
13. Compounds that do not dissolve in water: hydrophobic; nonpolar
14. Osmosis: movement of water across a selectively-permeable
membrane
15. Isotonic, Hypertonic, Hypotonic: refer to the inside of the cell
1/36
, MCDB PHYSIOLOGY MODULES 1-6. REVISION
MATERIAL. UPDATED FOR 2024/2025. COMPLETE
WITH ANSWERS
16. Isotonic Solution: equal concentration of water inside & outside of
cell; no movement of water
17. Hypertonic Solution: water moves out & cell shrinks; outside of cell
has higher concentration of solution than inside
18. Hypotonic Solution: water moves in; outside has less solute
concentration than inside; movement of water in creates
outward pressure that may cause cell to burst 19. If a
molecule has more electrons than protons, what is the net
charge of the molecule? negative
20. If a solution can dissolve in water, what does that indicate
about the solution? solution is polar
21. Of the following molecules, which are not held together by
hydrogen bonds?
a. water
b. DNA
c. fatty acids
d. cellulose: fatty acids
22. Of the following types of bonds, which are the strongest?
a. ionic
b. covalent
c. hydrogen: covalent
23. We decided to make our own salad dressing and added oil
to water. We shook up the solution and saw small drops of
2/36
, MCDB PHYSIOLOGY MODULES 1-6. REVISION
MATERIAL. UPDATED FOR 2024/2025. COMPLETE
WITH ANSWERS
oil, but the oil did not dissolve. What type of interaction
are we observing? hydrophobic
24. Organic molecules all contain : carbon
25. Building blocks of protein: amino acids (20 different kinds)
26. Proteins are : polymers of amino acids; joined by covalent
bonds called peptides
27. Can proteins be broken down? Yes, into amino acids
28. Four Orders of Protein Structure: primary, secondary, tertiary,
quaternary 29. What must happen for newly synthesized
polypeptides to mature into biologically functional proteins?
must fold into specific 3d arrangement or conformation
30. String of amino acids: polypeptide chain
31. Primary Structure: peptide bonding; results from bonds of
neighboring amino acids
32. Secondary Structure: hydrogen bonding; groups of more distant
amino acids 33. Tertiary Structure: ionic bonding; unique bending &
folding into 3D shape given by multiple factors
34. Quaternary Structure: unique functional tertiary bonds form
covalent bonds
35. Amino acids are joined together by which type of bonds?
peptide bonds 36. Secondary protein structures are formed
by which types of bonds? hydrogen bonds
37. The unique qualities of each amino acid is determined by
which of the following?
a. nitrogen bonding
3/36
, MCDB PHYSIOLOGY MODULES 1-6. REVISION
MATERIAL. UPDATED FOR 2024/2025. COMPLETE
WITH ANSWERS
b. peptide bonding
c. R group
d. hydrogen bonding: R group
38. Most important carbohydrate: glucose; major metabolic fuel of
mammals
39. "Parent Sugar": glucose; 6-sided molecule
40. Carbohydrates: organic molecules that consist of carbon,
hydrogen & oxygen in a 1 :2:1 ratio
41. Monosaccharides: glucose
42. Monosaccharides are joined together by : glycosidic bonds
43. Disaccharides: two monosaccharide units
44. Oligosaccharides: multi-monosaccharides
45. Polysaccharides: numerous monosaccharides
46. Starch: polysaccharide that stores carbohydrate fuel in plants
47. Glycogen: polysaccharide that stores carbohydrate fuel in
humans
48. Of the following carbohydrate molecules, which contains the
most energy?
a. glucose
b. disaccharide
c. oligosaccharide
d. polysaccharide: polysaccharide
49. What is the term for bonds that join monosaccharides together?
glycosidic
4/36
