N54B PATHOPHYSIOLOGY II. REVISION
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS. 100%
RESEARCHED WITH A+ GRADE EXPLANATIONS.
2024/2025
1. A 52 year old women came in the ER stating she woke up with
chills and a high fever. She has a constant ache on her lower back
bilaterally. She states that she had difficulty urinating and she
feels nauseous. Her vitals were, 101.8 degrees F, respiratory rate
is 22 bpm, pulse is 86 bpm, BP is 120/80. When the nurse did a
physical assessment she noted that palpation over the
costovertebral angle causes pain bilaterally. What problem does
this describe?
A. Kidney stones
B. Pyelonephritis
C. Nephrotic syndrome
D. Nephritic syndrome: ANS: B
The patient presents CVA tenderness and has chills and high fever,
this combined with dysuria indicates that it is pyelonephritis. Since
the pain is constant it is not kidney stones.
2. Betty White is a 96 year-old female patient complaining of
involuntary urine leakage. She is aware when it happens, but is
unable to prevent it. She says it mostly occurs when she is
laughing and this is impeding her ability to do her work as a
comedian. Betty is experiencing what type of incontinence?
A. Obstruction incontinence
B. Old person incontinence
C. Urge incontinence
134
,D. Stress incontinence: ANS: D
Stress incontinence is a common problem for women when the muscles
of the pelvic floor become weakened. Because of this, when Betty
laughs, her intra-abdominal pressure increases and does not get equally
transmitted to the urethra, thus allowing for involuntary urine loss. This
is a classic symptom of stress incontinence.
3. A patient comes in and reports back and abdominal pain,
reports that her urine is dark and foul smelling. After the nurse
assesses she reports that the bladder is inflamed.These clinical
manifestations describe:
A. Kidney Stones
B. Cystitis
C. Acute pylenephritis
D. Hydronephrosis: ANS: B
I/
Most individuals with cystitis report symptoms of abdominal or back
pain, dark concentrated urine, dysuria, and foul smelling urine. As
far as the assessment part, people with cystitis usually have
inflammation in the bladder.
4. A 67-year-old male presents with difficulty urinating. Further
discussion shows a previous health history of incontinence, but
patient suddenly lost the ability to urinate overall. A physical
assessment shows the patients prostate is enlarged, causing an
obstruction on the lower urinary tract. According to this
,information, why did the patient previously suffer from
incontinence?
A. The patient is also suffering from a urethral stricture,
causing incontinence.
B. A compensatory mechanism of the bladder is the atrophy of
the bladder walls, causing incontinence.
C. A compensatory mechanism of the bladder is to become more
sensitive to bladder contractions. Causing incontinence.
D. A compensatory mechanism of the bladder is to shorten the
detrusor muscle contractions, causing incontinence.: ANS: C
Over-urination and overall sensitivity is a compensatory mechanism
of early urinary retention. As the bladder increases in size, the
compensatory mechanisms begin to fail and decompensatory
changes begin.
5. A 55-year old male is admitted to the hospital and is
diagnosed with lower urinary tract obstruction disorder. To
relieve bladder distention, the nurse is ordered to insert a
urinary catheter. Which of the following is not a compensatory
mechanism associated with this disorder?
A. The bladder starts to hypertrophy
B. Ability to suppress urination is diminished
C. Pressure increases due to thickness of the bladder wall
3/ 211
, D. Bladder overstretches and loses its power of contraction: ANS:
D
This is the correct answer because this mechanism is a sign of
decompensation. When compensatory mechanisms are no
longer working, the detrusor muscle contraction period shortens
and does not allow the urine to expel fully. The bladder
overstretches due to lose of contraction and results in overflow
incontinence. 6. A 24 y.o. Asian female comes into the clinic for
an antidepressant medication refill. As the provider is exiting the
room at the end of the appointment,
the woman stops her and asks, "Oh, I meant to mention this, but
I've been having some issues in the last day or two... I've been
needing to pee really often and it's kind of painful." The
physician sits back down and asks some follow-up questions. The
patient continues, "Yeah, my lower back has been hurting quite a
bit and it burns when I pee. Sometimes the color of my pee is
kind of cloudy and it smells worse than usual. I've been really
embarrassed so I haven't told anybody except my mom." Her
vitals are as follows: BMI: 20, temperature: 98.6, respirations: 20,
heart rate: 75, BP: 110/70.
Looking back in the medical record to see recent laboratory tests,
serum values show a 4.1% HbA1c level. Patient appears to be in
good health. Based on this information, what can the provider
conclude is happening?
A. Diabetes mellitus
B. Cystitis
C. Kidney stone
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS. 100%
RESEARCHED WITH A+ GRADE EXPLANATIONS.
2024/2025
1. A 52 year old women came in the ER stating she woke up with
chills and a high fever. She has a constant ache on her lower back
bilaterally. She states that she had difficulty urinating and she
feels nauseous. Her vitals were, 101.8 degrees F, respiratory rate
is 22 bpm, pulse is 86 bpm, BP is 120/80. When the nurse did a
physical assessment she noted that palpation over the
costovertebral angle causes pain bilaterally. What problem does
this describe?
A. Kidney stones
B. Pyelonephritis
C. Nephrotic syndrome
D. Nephritic syndrome: ANS: B
The patient presents CVA tenderness and has chills and high fever,
this combined with dysuria indicates that it is pyelonephritis. Since
the pain is constant it is not kidney stones.
2. Betty White is a 96 year-old female patient complaining of
involuntary urine leakage. She is aware when it happens, but is
unable to prevent it. She says it mostly occurs when she is
laughing and this is impeding her ability to do her work as a
comedian. Betty is experiencing what type of incontinence?
A. Obstruction incontinence
B. Old person incontinence
C. Urge incontinence
134
,D. Stress incontinence: ANS: D
Stress incontinence is a common problem for women when the muscles
of the pelvic floor become weakened. Because of this, when Betty
laughs, her intra-abdominal pressure increases and does not get equally
transmitted to the urethra, thus allowing for involuntary urine loss. This
is a classic symptom of stress incontinence.
3. A patient comes in and reports back and abdominal pain,
reports that her urine is dark and foul smelling. After the nurse
assesses she reports that the bladder is inflamed.These clinical
manifestations describe:
A. Kidney Stones
B. Cystitis
C. Acute pylenephritis
D. Hydronephrosis: ANS: B
I/
Most individuals with cystitis report symptoms of abdominal or back
pain, dark concentrated urine, dysuria, and foul smelling urine. As
far as the assessment part, people with cystitis usually have
inflammation in the bladder.
4. A 67-year-old male presents with difficulty urinating. Further
discussion shows a previous health history of incontinence, but
patient suddenly lost the ability to urinate overall. A physical
assessment shows the patients prostate is enlarged, causing an
obstruction on the lower urinary tract. According to this
,information, why did the patient previously suffer from
incontinence?
A. The patient is also suffering from a urethral stricture,
causing incontinence.
B. A compensatory mechanism of the bladder is the atrophy of
the bladder walls, causing incontinence.
C. A compensatory mechanism of the bladder is to become more
sensitive to bladder contractions. Causing incontinence.
D. A compensatory mechanism of the bladder is to shorten the
detrusor muscle contractions, causing incontinence.: ANS: C
Over-urination and overall sensitivity is a compensatory mechanism
of early urinary retention. As the bladder increases in size, the
compensatory mechanisms begin to fail and decompensatory
changes begin.
5. A 55-year old male is admitted to the hospital and is
diagnosed with lower urinary tract obstruction disorder. To
relieve bladder distention, the nurse is ordered to insert a
urinary catheter. Which of the following is not a compensatory
mechanism associated with this disorder?
A. The bladder starts to hypertrophy
B. Ability to suppress urination is diminished
C. Pressure increases due to thickness of the bladder wall
3/ 211
, D. Bladder overstretches and loses its power of contraction: ANS:
D
This is the correct answer because this mechanism is a sign of
decompensation. When compensatory mechanisms are no
longer working, the detrusor muscle contraction period shortens
and does not allow the urine to expel fully. The bladder
overstretches due to lose of contraction and results in overflow
incontinence. 6. A 24 y.o. Asian female comes into the clinic for
an antidepressant medication refill. As the provider is exiting the
room at the end of the appointment,
the woman stops her and asks, "Oh, I meant to mention this, but
I've been having some issues in the last day or two... I've been
needing to pee really often and it's kind of painful." The
physician sits back down and asks some follow-up questions. The
patient continues, "Yeah, my lower back has been hurting quite a
bit and it burns when I pee. Sometimes the color of my pee is
kind of cloudy and it smells worse than usual. I've been really
embarrassed so I haven't told anybody except my mom." Her
vitals are as follows: BMI: 20, temperature: 98.6, respirations: 20,
heart rate: 75, BP: 110/70.
Looking back in the medical record to see recent laboratory tests,
serum values show a 4.1% HbA1c level. Patient appears to be in
good health. Based on this information, what can the provider
conclude is happening?
A. Diabetes mellitus
B. Cystitis
C. Kidney stone
