WGU D236 Patho - Megan/Shay’s Study
Guides
What is the primary determinant of oncotic pressure? - ANS Albumin
Form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins - ANS Oncotic Pressure
What is the difference between adult and child immunity? - ANS Naive T Cells
Fluid and electrolyte levels are regulated by _________________, which regulates actions such
as thirst, ADH, the kidneys, and RAAS. - ANS Osmoreceptors
What are the causes of dehydration? - ANS #Excessive loss
#Inadequate intake
#Both
What s/sx are associated with dehydration? - ANS #Dry mucous membranes
#Decreased skin turgor
#Decreased urine output
#Low blood pressure
#Tachycardia
#Weak heart rate
#Confusion
A patient with a viral illness and severe vomiting has an elevated CO2 level and pH of 7.53. She
is breathing slowly. What condition does she have? - ANS Metabolic alkalosis
The patient's pH and CO2 levels are both elevated (moving in the same direction). This
indicates metabolic alkalosis. The CO2 level is high because her respiratory system is
attempting to compensate for the high pH by exhaling less and retaining more CO2.
Normal CO2 level - ANS 35-45
Normal pH level - ANS 7.35-7.45
Normal HCO3 level - ANS 22-26
Michael's pulmonary edema leads to respiratory acidosis. How does pH impact Michael's basal
metabolic panel? Choose 3 answers.
His CO2 level has increased because his lungs have difficulty removing it from the bloodstream.
,His calcium level is reduced because the elevated concentration of H+ makes it easier for Ca+
to bind to albumin.
His CO2 level is decreased because his lungs have difficulty adding it into the bloodstream.
His sodium level has decreased due to hypervolemia.
His K+ is elevated because, as H+ moves inside of cells in an attempt to get it out of the
bloodstream, K+ moves from cells into the bloodstream. - ANS His CO2 level has increased
because his lungs have difficulty removing it from the bloodstream.
His sodium level has decreased due to hypervolemia.
His K+ is elevated because, as H+ moves inside of cells in an attempt to get it out of the
bloodstream, K+ moves from cells into the bloodstream.
A hormone panel was done on a patient with congestive heart failure and fluid volume overload.
Which elevated hormone on the patient's chart is indicative of the body's attempt to reduce the
fluid overload?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)
Aldosterone
Renin - ANS BNP
BNP is released when fluid volume excess is present.
Normal sodium level - ANS 135-145
Hyponatremia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx? - ANS Na < 135
Loss of energy or fatigue
Nausea and vomiting
Headache
Confusion
Muscle spasms
Low blood pressure
Dark scanty urine
Irritability, disorientation and neurological manifestations
Seizures
,Hypernatremia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx - ANS Na > 145
Excessive thirst
Extreme fatigue
Confusion
Muscle twitching or spasms
Restlessness
Seizures
Normal potassium level - ANS 3.5-5.0
Hypokalemia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx - ANS K < 3.5
#Muscle fatigue/cramping
#Nausea, vomiting, constipation
#Cardiac dysrhythmias
#Paresthesia (numbness/tingling)
Hyperkalemia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx? - ANS K > 5.0
Muscle weakness/paralysis
Paresthesia (numbness/tingling)
Cardiac dysrhythmias
Cardiac arrest/MI
Normal calcium level - ANS 8.5-10.5
Hypocalcemia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx? - ANS Calcium < 8.5
Overexcitability of the muscles
Muscle twitching
Paresthesia (numbness/tingling)
Chvostek and Trousseau sign (twitching on the cheek when touched)
Cardiac dysrhythmias
Hypercalcemia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx? - ANS Calcium > 10.5
Muscle weakness
Loss of muscle tone
Spontaneous fractures
Kidney stones
Cardiac dysrhythmias
, Normal magnesium level - ANS 1.6-2.6
Hypomagnesemia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx? - ANS Magnesium level < 1.6
Tremors
Hyperreflexia
Insomnia
Muscle cramps
Irregular heart beat
Hypermagnesemia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx? - ANS Magnesium level > 2.6
Hyporeflexia
Lethargy
Respiratory depression
N/V
Slow/Irregular heart beat
Tay-Sachs Disease - ANS An autosomal recessive inherited genetic disorder caused by a
recessive allele (chromosome 15) that leads to the accumulation of certain lipids in the brain.
Seizures, blindness, and degeneration of motor and mental performance usually become
manifest a few months after birth, followed by death within a few years.
Marfan Syndrome - ANS Inherited autosomal dominant trait (only one abnormal copy of the
Marfan gene inherited from one parent) FBN1 gene. Genetic connective tissue disorder that can
affect aorta and heart valve structures.
**If one parent has Marfan syndrome, each child has a 50% chance of inheriting the abnormal
gene and developing the condition. If both parents have the condition, the risk of their child
inheriting the abnormal gene and developing Marfan syndrome increases to 75%.
Turner Syndrome - ANS A chromosomal disorder in females in which either an X chromosome
is missing, making the person XO instead of XX, or part of one X chromosome is deleted.
Underdeveloped ovaries (sterile)
Short stature (under 4' 7")
Amenorrhea
Webbing of the neck
Edema
Underdeveloped breasts/wide nipples
Respiratory rate increases during exercise. How does this increased respiratory rate allow the
body to maintain a homeostatic pH level? - ANS The increased exhalation of CO2 helps to
increase pH.
Guides
What is the primary determinant of oncotic pressure? - ANS Albumin
Form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins - ANS Oncotic Pressure
What is the difference between adult and child immunity? - ANS Naive T Cells
Fluid and electrolyte levels are regulated by _________________, which regulates actions such
as thirst, ADH, the kidneys, and RAAS. - ANS Osmoreceptors
What are the causes of dehydration? - ANS #Excessive loss
#Inadequate intake
#Both
What s/sx are associated with dehydration? - ANS #Dry mucous membranes
#Decreased skin turgor
#Decreased urine output
#Low blood pressure
#Tachycardia
#Weak heart rate
#Confusion
A patient with a viral illness and severe vomiting has an elevated CO2 level and pH of 7.53. She
is breathing slowly. What condition does she have? - ANS Metabolic alkalosis
The patient's pH and CO2 levels are both elevated (moving in the same direction). This
indicates metabolic alkalosis. The CO2 level is high because her respiratory system is
attempting to compensate for the high pH by exhaling less and retaining more CO2.
Normal CO2 level - ANS 35-45
Normal pH level - ANS 7.35-7.45
Normal HCO3 level - ANS 22-26
Michael's pulmonary edema leads to respiratory acidosis. How does pH impact Michael's basal
metabolic panel? Choose 3 answers.
His CO2 level has increased because his lungs have difficulty removing it from the bloodstream.
,His calcium level is reduced because the elevated concentration of H+ makes it easier for Ca+
to bind to albumin.
His CO2 level is decreased because his lungs have difficulty adding it into the bloodstream.
His sodium level has decreased due to hypervolemia.
His K+ is elevated because, as H+ moves inside of cells in an attempt to get it out of the
bloodstream, K+ moves from cells into the bloodstream. - ANS His CO2 level has increased
because his lungs have difficulty removing it from the bloodstream.
His sodium level has decreased due to hypervolemia.
His K+ is elevated because, as H+ moves inside of cells in an attempt to get it out of the
bloodstream, K+ moves from cells into the bloodstream.
A hormone panel was done on a patient with congestive heart failure and fluid volume overload.
Which elevated hormone on the patient's chart is indicative of the body's attempt to reduce the
fluid overload?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)
Aldosterone
Renin - ANS BNP
BNP is released when fluid volume excess is present.
Normal sodium level - ANS 135-145
Hyponatremia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx? - ANS Na < 135
Loss of energy or fatigue
Nausea and vomiting
Headache
Confusion
Muscle spasms
Low blood pressure
Dark scanty urine
Irritability, disorientation and neurological manifestations
Seizures
,Hypernatremia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx - ANS Na > 145
Excessive thirst
Extreme fatigue
Confusion
Muscle twitching or spasms
Restlessness
Seizures
Normal potassium level - ANS 3.5-5.0
Hypokalemia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx - ANS K < 3.5
#Muscle fatigue/cramping
#Nausea, vomiting, constipation
#Cardiac dysrhythmias
#Paresthesia (numbness/tingling)
Hyperkalemia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx? - ANS K > 5.0
Muscle weakness/paralysis
Paresthesia (numbness/tingling)
Cardiac dysrhythmias
Cardiac arrest/MI
Normal calcium level - ANS 8.5-10.5
Hypocalcemia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx? - ANS Calcium < 8.5
Overexcitability of the muscles
Muscle twitching
Paresthesia (numbness/tingling)
Chvostek and Trousseau sign (twitching on the cheek when touched)
Cardiac dysrhythmias
Hypercalcemia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx? - ANS Calcium > 10.5
Muscle weakness
Loss of muscle tone
Spontaneous fractures
Kidney stones
Cardiac dysrhythmias
, Normal magnesium level - ANS 1.6-2.6
Hypomagnesemia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx? - ANS Magnesium level < 1.6
Tremors
Hyperreflexia
Insomnia
Muscle cramps
Irregular heart beat
Hypermagnesemia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx? - ANS Magnesium level > 2.6
Hyporeflexia
Lethargy
Respiratory depression
N/V
Slow/Irregular heart beat
Tay-Sachs Disease - ANS An autosomal recessive inherited genetic disorder caused by a
recessive allele (chromosome 15) that leads to the accumulation of certain lipids in the brain.
Seizures, blindness, and degeneration of motor and mental performance usually become
manifest a few months after birth, followed by death within a few years.
Marfan Syndrome - ANS Inherited autosomal dominant trait (only one abnormal copy of the
Marfan gene inherited from one parent) FBN1 gene. Genetic connective tissue disorder that can
affect aorta and heart valve structures.
**If one parent has Marfan syndrome, each child has a 50% chance of inheriting the abnormal
gene and developing the condition. If both parents have the condition, the risk of their child
inheriting the abnormal gene and developing Marfan syndrome increases to 75%.
Turner Syndrome - ANS A chromosomal disorder in females in which either an X chromosome
is missing, making the person XO instead of XX, or part of one X chromosome is deleted.
Underdeveloped ovaries (sterile)
Short stature (under 4' 7")
Amenorrhea
Webbing of the neck
Edema
Underdeveloped breasts/wide nipples
Respiratory rate increases during exercise. How does this increased respiratory rate allow the
body to maintain a homeostatic pH level? - ANS The increased exhalation of CO2 helps to
increase pH.
