BIOD 152
ESSENTIAL ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY FINAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
2024/2025 VERSION already graded A!!
TESTBANK WITH IMAGES AT THE END
Latest Edition !!
This is a bundle of axons found in the peripheral nervous system.
Nerve
This part of the autonomic system increases digestion.
Parasympathetic
The dorsal root of a nerve contains what type of neurons?
Sensory (afferent)
This part of a neuron conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body.
Axon
A neuron going to the bicep of the forearm is part of the:
A. central nervous system
B. peripheral nervous system
C. Autonomic system
D. Somatic system
E. A&C
F. B&D
F. B&D
The neuron pictured, below, is best described as:
A. Bipolar
B. Multipolar
C. Unipolar
D. Pseudounipolar
B. Multipolar
True or false: Neurons do not physically touch one another.
True
Describe the synthesis and storage of neurotransmitters.
The neuron cell body manufactures neurotransmitters, which are stored in secretory vesicles at the
end of axon terminals
An efferent neuron carries information:
A. From the central to the peripheral nervous system
B. From the peripheral to the central nervous system
C. Within the central nervous system
D. Within the peripheral nervous system
,A. From the central to the peripheral nervous system
A postsynaptic neuron would be found:
A. before the synapse
B. after the synapse
C. inside the synapse
D. Only in the central nervous system
B. after the synapse
What is the location and function of Satellite cells?
Location: peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Function: Regulation of environment of neuron cell bodies
A patient's spinal cord was severed in a car accident. Would the patient be expected to
regrow axons in their spinal cord? Why or why not?
No, only the peripheral system axons are capable of regeneration. The spinal cord is the central
nervous system
Name and describe what is occurring in the neuron cell membrane in section 4 of the
diagram. Include the charge of the membrane during this phase.
This is phase 4: afterpolarization (hyperpolarization), the potassium gates are slow to clse and that
results in an undershoot of the potential, the voltage will drop below -70mV and the return to the
restign state beings.
At rest, a neuron plasma membrane is:
A. -70 mV
B. +40 mV
C. Hyperpolarized
D. Depolarized
A. -70 mV
Which of the following is false concerning the sodium-potassium pump?
A. it maintains the resting phase of an axon
B. For every three sodium ions pumped out, two potassium ions are pumped in
C. it must remain in constant operation to maintain the resting state
D. The overall effect is a negative charge on the outside of the membrane
D. The overall effect is a negative charge on the outside of the membrane
True or false: A sensory neuron is signaling the body of extreme pain. This means that the
strength of the action potential is greater than usual. Explain your reasoning
False, there is no variation in the strength of action potentials. (It is an all-or-nothing response).
There is variation in the number and frequency of neurons firing
Which of the following statements is false concerning the neuromuscular junction?
A. Sodium ions release from the presynaptic motor neuron
B. Calcium ions release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to cause muscle contraction
C. Sodium channels open on the muscle fibers in response to the neurotransmitter
D. The NMJ is found in the peripheral nervous system
A. Sodium ions release from the presynaptic motor neuron
What prevents continuous stimulation of a nerve synapse and how is this accomplished?
,The short extension of neurotransmitters in the synpase prevents coninous stimulation. Some
synapses contain enzymes that rapidly inactivate neurotransmitters and other synpases rapidly
absord the neurotransmitters.
What neurotransmitter is found at the neuromuscular junctions?
Acetylcholine (ACh)
True or False: Action potentials travel in multiple directions within the same neuron.
False (only one direction in the same neuron)
True or False: Reflexes occur only with conscious intervention from the brain
False
Fill in the blank: In a reflex, the ____________ neuron conducts nerve impulses along a
pathway towards the central nervous system.
sensory (afferent)
Where is the integration center of a reflex located?
CNS (central nervous system)
Which of the following is false about reflexes?
A. Reflexes do not require higher levels of voluntary processing from the brain
B.Regulation of blood sugar by hormones is one example of a reflex
C. Some reflexes can be tested to determine injury
D. Pulling a hand away from a hot flame is not a reflex; it is entirely voluntary
D. Pulling a hand away from a hot flame is not a reflex; it is entirely voluntary
What is false about the stretch reflex?
A. the effect of the motor signal is to relax a muscle
B. The patellar reflex test the stretch reflex of the quadriceps femoris
C. The muscle is spindle detects stretch within the muscle
D. Stretch reflexes help to decrease the stretch on a muscle
A. The effect of the motor signal is to relax a muscle
What is true about the flexor withdrawal reflex?
A. It does not involve interneurons
B. It involves excitatory interneurons
C. It involves inhibitory interneurons
D. The effect of the reflex is to create a co-contraction of two muscles
E. A&D
F. B& C
F. B&C
Your doctor taps on your patellar tendon. List out the steps, in detail, of the nervous pathway
of the reflex he is testing. Include any sensory organs involved and the action of the reflex.
Stretch reflex: Stretch on patellar tendon (tapping patellar tendon), muscle spindle detects stretch,
afferent (sensory) neuron through the DRG, spinal cord, synapses directly on a motor neuron
(efferent)
No interneuron
action: to muscle fiber to contract quadriceps (kicking foot)
, Multiple Sclerosis is an autoimmune disease which attacks the myelin sheath of the nerve
axon. Patients with this disease may experience difficulty using the muscles of their arms and
legs. Explain why this would occur.
Myelin increase nerve conduction speed and protects the nerve. If the myelin is damaged, the
conduction speed would be slower than normal, and the nerve axon itself would be vulnerable to
permanent damage without the myelin present for protection
This layer of the meninges is tightly attached to the brain.
Pia mater (menix)
The _______ fissure separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres.
Median longitudinal
Describe the function of the brain ventricles.
There are four ventricles in the interior of the brain, chambers filled with CSF which is produced
there. Once formed the CSF circulates through the ventricles and into the subarachnoid space
bathing and floating the brain
All the following are functions of the hypothalamus except:
A. maintain homeostasis
B. controls the pituitary gland
C. links the nervous and endocrine systems
D. relays sensory impulses to the cerebrum
D. Relays sensory impulses to the cerebrum
This ventricle is located anterior to the cerebellum.
A. lateral
B. Medial
C. Third
D. Fourth
D. Fourth
This region of the brain acts to coordinate multiple sources of sensory information.
A. Primary sensory cortex
B. Primary motor cortex
C. Association area
D. Precentral gyrus
E. Postcentral gyrus
C. Association area
A patient is having difficulty producing speech sounds, but other motor movements are
normal. Which area of the brain is most likely damaged?
A. Broca's area
B. Wernicke's area
C. Occipital lobe
D. Parietal lobe
E. Primary motor cortex
A. Broca's area
Describe how memories are stored and retrieved in the brain. Include a specific brain region.
ESSENTIAL ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY FINAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
2024/2025 VERSION already graded A!!
TESTBANK WITH IMAGES AT THE END
Latest Edition !!
This is a bundle of axons found in the peripheral nervous system.
Nerve
This part of the autonomic system increases digestion.
Parasympathetic
The dorsal root of a nerve contains what type of neurons?
Sensory (afferent)
This part of a neuron conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body.
Axon
A neuron going to the bicep of the forearm is part of the:
A. central nervous system
B. peripheral nervous system
C. Autonomic system
D. Somatic system
E. A&C
F. B&D
F. B&D
The neuron pictured, below, is best described as:
A. Bipolar
B. Multipolar
C. Unipolar
D. Pseudounipolar
B. Multipolar
True or false: Neurons do not physically touch one another.
True
Describe the synthesis and storage of neurotransmitters.
The neuron cell body manufactures neurotransmitters, which are stored in secretory vesicles at the
end of axon terminals
An efferent neuron carries information:
A. From the central to the peripheral nervous system
B. From the peripheral to the central nervous system
C. Within the central nervous system
D. Within the peripheral nervous system
,A. From the central to the peripheral nervous system
A postsynaptic neuron would be found:
A. before the synapse
B. after the synapse
C. inside the synapse
D. Only in the central nervous system
B. after the synapse
What is the location and function of Satellite cells?
Location: peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Function: Regulation of environment of neuron cell bodies
A patient's spinal cord was severed in a car accident. Would the patient be expected to
regrow axons in their spinal cord? Why or why not?
No, only the peripheral system axons are capable of regeneration. The spinal cord is the central
nervous system
Name and describe what is occurring in the neuron cell membrane in section 4 of the
diagram. Include the charge of the membrane during this phase.
This is phase 4: afterpolarization (hyperpolarization), the potassium gates are slow to clse and that
results in an undershoot of the potential, the voltage will drop below -70mV and the return to the
restign state beings.
At rest, a neuron plasma membrane is:
A. -70 mV
B. +40 mV
C. Hyperpolarized
D. Depolarized
A. -70 mV
Which of the following is false concerning the sodium-potassium pump?
A. it maintains the resting phase of an axon
B. For every three sodium ions pumped out, two potassium ions are pumped in
C. it must remain in constant operation to maintain the resting state
D. The overall effect is a negative charge on the outside of the membrane
D. The overall effect is a negative charge on the outside of the membrane
True or false: A sensory neuron is signaling the body of extreme pain. This means that the
strength of the action potential is greater than usual. Explain your reasoning
False, there is no variation in the strength of action potentials. (It is an all-or-nothing response).
There is variation in the number and frequency of neurons firing
Which of the following statements is false concerning the neuromuscular junction?
A. Sodium ions release from the presynaptic motor neuron
B. Calcium ions release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to cause muscle contraction
C. Sodium channels open on the muscle fibers in response to the neurotransmitter
D. The NMJ is found in the peripheral nervous system
A. Sodium ions release from the presynaptic motor neuron
What prevents continuous stimulation of a nerve synapse and how is this accomplished?
,The short extension of neurotransmitters in the synpase prevents coninous stimulation. Some
synapses contain enzymes that rapidly inactivate neurotransmitters and other synpases rapidly
absord the neurotransmitters.
What neurotransmitter is found at the neuromuscular junctions?
Acetylcholine (ACh)
True or False: Action potentials travel in multiple directions within the same neuron.
False (only one direction in the same neuron)
True or False: Reflexes occur only with conscious intervention from the brain
False
Fill in the blank: In a reflex, the ____________ neuron conducts nerve impulses along a
pathway towards the central nervous system.
sensory (afferent)
Where is the integration center of a reflex located?
CNS (central nervous system)
Which of the following is false about reflexes?
A. Reflexes do not require higher levels of voluntary processing from the brain
B.Regulation of blood sugar by hormones is one example of a reflex
C. Some reflexes can be tested to determine injury
D. Pulling a hand away from a hot flame is not a reflex; it is entirely voluntary
D. Pulling a hand away from a hot flame is not a reflex; it is entirely voluntary
What is false about the stretch reflex?
A. the effect of the motor signal is to relax a muscle
B. The patellar reflex test the stretch reflex of the quadriceps femoris
C. The muscle is spindle detects stretch within the muscle
D. Stretch reflexes help to decrease the stretch on a muscle
A. The effect of the motor signal is to relax a muscle
What is true about the flexor withdrawal reflex?
A. It does not involve interneurons
B. It involves excitatory interneurons
C. It involves inhibitory interneurons
D. The effect of the reflex is to create a co-contraction of two muscles
E. A&D
F. B& C
F. B&C
Your doctor taps on your patellar tendon. List out the steps, in detail, of the nervous pathway
of the reflex he is testing. Include any sensory organs involved and the action of the reflex.
Stretch reflex: Stretch on patellar tendon (tapping patellar tendon), muscle spindle detects stretch,
afferent (sensory) neuron through the DRG, spinal cord, synapses directly on a motor neuron
(efferent)
No interneuron
action: to muscle fiber to contract quadriceps (kicking foot)
, Multiple Sclerosis is an autoimmune disease which attacks the myelin sheath of the nerve
axon. Patients with this disease may experience difficulty using the muscles of their arms and
legs. Explain why this would occur.
Myelin increase nerve conduction speed and protects the nerve. If the myelin is damaged, the
conduction speed would be slower than normal, and the nerve axon itself would be vulnerable to
permanent damage without the myelin present for protection
This layer of the meninges is tightly attached to the brain.
Pia mater (menix)
The _______ fissure separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres.
Median longitudinal
Describe the function of the brain ventricles.
There are four ventricles in the interior of the brain, chambers filled with CSF which is produced
there. Once formed the CSF circulates through the ventricles and into the subarachnoid space
bathing and floating the brain
All the following are functions of the hypothalamus except:
A. maintain homeostasis
B. controls the pituitary gland
C. links the nervous and endocrine systems
D. relays sensory impulses to the cerebrum
D. Relays sensory impulses to the cerebrum
This ventricle is located anterior to the cerebellum.
A. lateral
B. Medial
C. Third
D. Fourth
D. Fourth
This region of the brain acts to coordinate multiple sources of sensory information.
A. Primary sensory cortex
B. Primary motor cortex
C. Association area
D. Precentral gyrus
E. Postcentral gyrus
C. Association area
A patient is having difficulty producing speech sounds, but other motor movements are
normal. Which area of the brain is most likely damaged?
A. Broca's area
B. Wernicke's area
C. Occipital lobe
D. Parietal lobe
E. Primary motor cortex
A. Broca's area
Describe how memories are stored and retrieved in the brain. Include a specific brain region.
