NURS 611 Patho - Maryville Questions with Correct Verified Answers and 2024/2025

What is Apoptosis? - A programmed cell death What is necrosis? - Death of most or all of the cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury, or failure of the blood supply. Characteristics of tissue necrosis - 1) Rapid loss of of the plasma membrane structure 2) Organelle swelling 3) Mitochondrial dysfunction Hypoxia - What is the #1 major cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis. (especially the kidney and heart) What is hypertrophy? - Is an increase in the size of cells Physiologic hypertrophy - Hypertrophy of myocardial cells such as in endurance training Pathologic hypertrophy - Occurs secondary to HTN What is Hyperplasia - Increase in the number of cells Pathological hyperplasia - Endometrial hyperplasia Compensatory hyperplasia - Removal of 70% of the liver- can regenerate in about 2 weeks What is Metaplasia - Replacement of cells Example of Metaplasia - Normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the brohchial lining have been replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells During ischemia, what effect does the loss of the ATP levels have on cells? - Reduction in ATP levels causes the plasma membrane's sodium-potassium pump and sodium-calcium exchange to fail, which leads to an intracellular accumulation of sodium and calcium and diffusion of potassium out of the cell. Sodium and water then can enter the cell freely, and cellular swelling results. Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of which diseases? - These reactive oxygen species play major roles in the initiation and progression of cardiovascular alterations associated with hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, ischemic heart diseases, and chronic heart failure. What are free radicals? - Electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having an unpaired electron. How are free radicals formed? - Having one unpaired electron makes the molecule unstable; thus to stabilize, it gives up an electron to another molecule or steals one.