Biology 117 WVU Exam2, With 66 QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
2024 ( A+ GRADED 100% VERIFIED)
1. What are the three domains of life?: Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
2. Which groups are more closely related from an evolutionary standpoint?: -
Archaea and Eukarya
3. What are the three different shapes of bacterial cells?:
1) coccus- spherical
2) bacillus- rod shaped
3) spirilla- wavy/ corkscrew shaped
4. What are the three different ways in which bacteria arrange themselves in
colonies?: 1) diplo- divide but stay attached to each other (OO)
2) strepto- grow in long chains (===)
3) staphlo- clumps of bacteria, no real arrangement
5. Gram-Positive vs. Gram-Negative: 1) gram-positive has a plasma membrane with
peptidoglycan on top(darker stain)
2) gram-negative is like a sandwich, has a plasma membrane with peptidogylcan in
between and then an outer membrane on top(lighter stain)
both contain polysaccharides on the out most layer
6. What are the three different ways in which bacteria "swap" DNA?: 1)
transduction-viruses help to pass genetic information (bacteriaphages)
2) transformation-DNA from environment is taken in and used
3) conjugation-direct contact and DNA sharing between cells
(pili structures- tunnel structures between cells)
7. Autotrophs vs. Heterotrophs: Autotrophs-makes food on its own (plants-
photosynthesis)
Heterotrophs- obtain energy from the environment (humans)
(sunlight{phototrophs}, organic{chemoorganotrophs}, and
inorganic{chemolithotrophs} molecules are taken in to produce
energy)
8. Are protists prokaryote or eukaryote?: Eukaryotic
9. Are protists monophyletic or paraphyletic?: Paraphyletic
10. Are protists unicellular, multicellular, or both?: Both
11. How do we explain the morphological innovations of Protists?: nuclear
membrane and endomembrane organelles may have occurred due to infolding of
membrane
1/5
, 12. Endosymbiosis Theory: explains the creation of mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Mitochondria may have once been free-living aerobic bacteria and chloroplasts may
have been free-living photosynthetic protists
13. What protists use pseudopodia to feed?: lobose amoebae(unikonata),
foraminifera(rhizaria) free-living
14 Plasmodial slime molds: Unicellular cell
membrane that stretches itself out over time
15. Cellular slime molds: Unicellular, multiple cells can work together mimics how
fungus reproduces
16. Choanoflagellates: Unicellular, live in a colony, reproductive cells have flagel-
lum
17. Dinoflagellates: structure includes cellulose
18. Diatoms: cell wall composed of silica
19. Foraminifera: calcium carbonate shell
20. Difference between lobose amoeba vs. foraminifera: lobose are free-living,
foraminifera have shells and are more complex-contain many nuclei
21. Are fungi prokaryotic or eukaryotic organisms: eukaryotic
22. Do we consider the phylogeny of fungi to be monophyletic or paraphyletic?:
monophyletic
23. Are fungi unicellular, multicellular, or are both present in this group?: both
24. All fungal cells have cell walls made of what material?: cell walls made of chitin-
branching filimants
25. Fungi are composed of networks of filaments known as hyphae. What
structure is formed by hyphae?: Hyphae forms- reproductive structures: above
ground(spores) and mycelium: multicellular structures that grow below ground
26. Parasitic metabolic strategy: absorb energy from living organisms
27. Lichen-forming metabolic strategy: live in association with green algae
28. Mycorrhizal metabolic strategy: live in association with plant roots
29. Endophytic: live inside of plants
30. Saphrophytic: decomposers
31. Mutualistic relationships of Lichens:: lichens: once algae photosynthesize the
fungus absorbs the sugar
32. Mutualistic relationships of EMF:: ectomycorrhiza(EMF): sheath outside of plant
root and grows inbetween the cellsbipasses cell wall and is not invasive
33. Mutualistic relationships of AMF:: arbuscular(AMF):more invasive, do not
sheath, grow directly into the root and sometimes inside of the plant cell.
2/5
2024 ( A+ GRADED 100% VERIFIED)
1. What are the three domains of life?: Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
2. Which groups are more closely related from an evolutionary standpoint?: -
Archaea and Eukarya
3. What are the three different shapes of bacterial cells?:
1) coccus- spherical
2) bacillus- rod shaped
3) spirilla- wavy/ corkscrew shaped
4. What are the three different ways in which bacteria arrange themselves in
colonies?: 1) diplo- divide but stay attached to each other (OO)
2) strepto- grow in long chains (===)
3) staphlo- clumps of bacteria, no real arrangement
5. Gram-Positive vs. Gram-Negative: 1) gram-positive has a plasma membrane with
peptidoglycan on top(darker stain)
2) gram-negative is like a sandwich, has a plasma membrane with peptidogylcan in
between and then an outer membrane on top(lighter stain)
both contain polysaccharides on the out most layer
6. What are the three different ways in which bacteria "swap" DNA?: 1)
transduction-viruses help to pass genetic information (bacteriaphages)
2) transformation-DNA from environment is taken in and used
3) conjugation-direct contact and DNA sharing between cells
(pili structures- tunnel structures between cells)
7. Autotrophs vs. Heterotrophs: Autotrophs-makes food on its own (plants-
photosynthesis)
Heterotrophs- obtain energy from the environment (humans)
(sunlight{phototrophs}, organic{chemoorganotrophs}, and
inorganic{chemolithotrophs} molecules are taken in to produce
energy)
8. Are protists prokaryote or eukaryote?: Eukaryotic
9. Are protists monophyletic or paraphyletic?: Paraphyletic
10. Are protists unicellular, multicellular, or both?: Both
11. How do we explain the morphological innovations of Protists?: nuclear
membrane and endomembrane organelles may have occurred due to infolding of
membrane
1/5
, 12. Endosymbiosis Theory: explains the creation of mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Mitochondria may have once been free-living aerobic bacteria and chloroplasts may
have been free-living photosynthetic protists
13. What protists use pseudopodia to feed?: lobose amoebae(unikonata),
foraminifera(rhizaria) free-living
14 Plasmodial slime molds: Unicellular cell
membrane that stretches itself out over time
15. Cellular slime molds: Unicellular, multiple cells can work together mimics how
fungus reproduces
16. Choanoflagellates: Unicellular, live in a colony, reproductive cells have flagel-
lum
17. Dinoflagellates: structure includes cellulose
18. Diatoms: cell wall composed of silica
19. Foraminifera: calcium carbonate shell
20. Difference between lobose amoeba vs. foraminifera: lobose are free-living,
foraminifera have shells and are more complex-contain many nuclei
21. Are fungi prokaryotic or eukaryotic organisms: eukaryotic
22. Do we consider the phylogeny of fungi to be monophyletic or paraphyletic?:
monophyletic
23. Are fungi unicellular, multicellular, or are both present in this group?: both
24. All fungal cells have cell walls made of what material?: cell walls made of chitin-
branching filimants
25. Fungi are composed of networks of filaments known as hyphae. What
structure is formed by hyphae?: Hyphae forms- reproductive structures: above
ground(spores) and mycelium: multicellular structures that grow below ground
26. Parasitic metabolic strategy: absorb energy from living organisms
27. Lichen-forming metabolic strategy: live in association with green algae
28. Mycorrhizal metabolic strategy: live in association with plant roots
29. Endophytic: live inside of plants
30. Saphrophytic: decomposers
31. Mutualistic relationships of Lichens:: lichens: once algae photosynthesize the
fungus absorbs the sugar
32. Mutualistic relationships of EMF:: ectomycorrhiza(EMF): sheath outside of plant
root and grows inbetween the cellsbipasses cell wall and is not invasive
33. Mutualistic relationships of AMF:: arbuscular(AMF):more invasive, do not
sheath, grow directly into the root and sometimes inside of the plant cell.
2/5
