D202 Human Growth and Development Final Exam 2024
GRADED A+ WGU CERTIFIED EXAM 100% (200 Questions)
1. Which theory of human development was proposed by Jean Piaget?
Cognitive developmental theory
2. When psychologists speak of life-span development, they are referring to an approach that
emphasizes
the periods of the human life span involving both growth and decline
3. Erikson's stage for children in early childhood is
initiative vs. guilt
4. The upper boundary of the human life span has historically been, and continues to be,
years.
122
5. In early childhood, children tend to think of themselves in terms of a(n) self.
physical and active
6. A researcher is gathering information for a study to determine if adolescents experience depression
more than middle-aged adults. The researcher observes and records behavior exhibited by both
groups.
7. Which research design does this exemplify?
Descriptive research
,self-concept - Answer- an understanding of personal abilities and attributes that develops during middle
childhood
self-esteem - Answer- an evaluation of personal identity and assessment of the self while performing
various activities
self-efficacy - Answer- belief in the abilities of self to behave in a certain way to bring about specific results
Erikson Industry vs. Inferiority - Answer- 4th stage of human development. busy industrious, constantly
doing something, planning, playing, gathering w/friends gaining a sense of confidence
Kohlberg Stages of Moral Development - Answer- 1. Pre-conventional
2. Conventional
3. Post-conventional
He has six stages organized into 3 categories. May describe males better then females.
Kohlberg's preconventional morality - Answer- Stage 1, moral reasoning based on concepts of punishment.
The child believes if the consequence for an action is punishment, then the action was wrong. A sense of
right/wrong, individuals only think about rewards and avoidance of punishment. AGE: prior to 9yrs old
Kohlberg conventional morality - Answer- a sense of right and wrong that is accepted by an individual
though no rewards or punishments are involved. wants to please people. Complies with the law. AGE: older
children, adolescents, and most adults.
Kohlberg postconventional morality - Answer- a sense of right and wrong in which an individual thinks
about the welfare of society as a whole. Rare to reach this morality. AGE: Rare with adolescents and few
adults.
sociometric assessment - Answer- a method of measuring interpersonal relationships in a social group.
, 8 Between 2 and 4 years of age, children are learning
the cause and consequences of feelings.
9 During the 20th century, life expectancy increased years.
30
10 is Piaget's first stage of moral development in which rules are conceived of as
unchangeable properties of the world.
Heteronomous morality
11 Unusual occurrences that have a major impact on an individual's life and are usually not
applicable to many people are called
non-normative life events.
12 is a set of expectations that prescribe how females or males should think, act, and
feel.
Gender role
13 Baltes and his colleagues assert that the mastery of life often involves conflicts and competition
among three goals of human development:
growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss.
, friendship - Answer- peer interactions often involve parallel play as toddlers. Friends are referred to based
on proximity, next door neighbor, schoolmate etc. Later on based on trust and commitment. Bigelow and
Selmen believe these changes are linked to advances in cognitive development
Momentary physical interaction - Answer- A friend is someone you are playing with at this point in time.
Selman (1980) notes that this is typical of children between the ages of three and six. These early
friendships are based more on circumstances (for example, a neighbor) than on genuine similarities.
One-way assistance - Answer- A friend is someone who does nice things for you, such as saving you a seat
on the school bus or sharing a toy. However, children in this stage do not always think about what they are
contributing to the relationships. Nonetheless, having a friend is important, and children will sometimes put
up with a not-so-nice friend just to have a friend. Children as young as five and as old as nine may be in this
stage.
Fair-weather cooperation - Answer- Children are very concerned with fairness and reciprocity, and thus, a
friend is someone who returns a favor. In this stage, if a child does something nice for a friend, there is an
expectation that the friend will do something nice for them at the first available opportunity. When this fails
to happen, a child may break off the friendship. Selman found that some children as young as 7 and as old
as 12 are in this stage.
Intimate and mutual sharing - Answer- Typically between the ages of 8 and 15, a friend is someone to
whom you can tell things you would tell no one else. Children and teens in this stage no longer "keep score"
and do things for a friend because they genuinely care for the person. If a friendship dissolves in this stage,
it is usually due to a violation of trust. However, children in this stage do expect their friends to share
similar interests and viewpoints and may take it as a betrayal if a friend likes someone that they do not.
Autonomous interdependence - Answer- A friend is someone who accepts you and whom you accept as
they are. In this stage, children, teens, and adults accept and even appreciate differences between
themselves and their friends. They are also not as possessive, so they are less likely to feel threatened if
their friends have other relationships or interests. Children are typically 12 or older in this stage.
adolescence - Answer- the transitional phase of growth and development between childhood and adulthood
GRADED A+ WGU CERTIFIED EXAM 100% (200 Questions)
1. Which theory of human development was proposed by Jean Piaget?
Cognitive developmental theory
2. When psychologists speak of life-span development, they are referring to an approach that
emphasizes
the periods of the human life span involving both growth and decline
3. Erikson's stage for children in early childhood is
initiative vs. guilt
4. The upper boundary of the human life span has historically been, and continues to be,
years.
122
5. In early childhood, children tend to think of themselves in terms of a(n) self.
physical and active
6. A researcher is gathering information for a study to determine if adolescents experience depression
more than middle-aged adults. The researcher observes and records behavior exhibited by both
groups.
7. Which research design does this exemplify?
Descriptive research
,self-concept - Answer- an understanding of personal abilities and attributes that develops during middle
childhood
self-esteem - Answer- an evaluation of personal identity and assessment of the self while performing
various activities
self-efficacy - Answer- belief in the abilities of self to behave in a certain way to bring about specific results
Erikson Industry vs. Inferiority - Answer- 4th stage of human development. busy industrious, constantly
doing something, planning, playing, gathering w/friends gaining a sense of confidence
Kohlberg Stages of Moral Development - Answer- 1. Pre-conventional
2. Conventional
3. Post-conventional
He has six stages organized into 3 categories. May describe males better then females.
Kohlberg's preconventional morality - Answer- Stage 1, moral reasoning based on concepts of punishment.
The child believes if the consequence for an action is punishment, then the action was wrong. A sense of
right/wrong, individuals only think about rewards and avoidance of punishment. AGE: prior to 9yrs old
Kohlberg conventional morality - Answer- a sense of right and wrong that is accepted by an individual
though no rewards or punishments are involved. wants to please people. Complies with the law. AGE: older
children, adolescents, and most adults.
Kohlberg postconventional morality - Answer- a sense of right and wrong in which an individual thinks
about the welfare of society as a whole. Rare to reach this morality. AGE: Rare with adolescents and few
adults.
sociometric assessment - Answer- a method of measuring interpersonal relationships in a social group.
, 8 Between 2 and 4 years of age, children are learning
the cause and consequences of feelings.
9 During the 20th century, life expectancy increased years.
30
10 is Piaget's first stage of moral development in which rules are conceived of as
unchangeable properties of the world.
Heteronomous morality
11 Unusual occurrences that have a major impact on an individual's life and are usually not
applicable to many people are called
non-normative life events.
12 is a set of expectations that prescribe how females or males should think, act, and
feel.
Gender role
13 Baltes and his colleagues assert that the mastery of life often involves conflicts and competition
among three goals of human development:
growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss.
, friendship - Answer- peer interactions often involve parallel play as toddlers. Friends are referred to based
on proximity, next door neighbor, schoolmate etc. Later on based on trust and commitment. Bigelow and
Selmen believe these changes are linked to advances in cognitive development
Momentary physical interaction - Answer- A friend is someone you are playing with at this point in time.
Selman (1980) notes that this is typical of children between the ages of three and six. These early
friendships are based more on circumstances (for example, a neighbor) than on genuine similarities.
One-way assistance - Answer- A friend is someone who does nice things for you, such as saving you a seat
on the school bus or sharing a toy. However, children in this stage do not always think about what they are
contributing to the relationships. Nonetheless, having a friend is important, and children will sometimes put
up with a not-so-nice friend just to have a friend. Children as young as five and as old as nine may be in this
stage.
Fair-weather cooperation - Answer- Children are very concerned with fairness and reciprocity, and thus, a
friend is someone who returns a favor. In this stage, if a child does something nice for a friend, there is an
expectation that the friend will do something nice for them at the first available opportunity. When this fails
to happen, a child may break off the friendship. Selman found that some children as young as 7 and as old
as 12 are in this stage.
Intimate and mutual sharing - Answer- Typically between the ages of 8 and 15, a friend is someone to
whom you can tell things you would tell no one else. Children and teens in this stage no longer "keep score"
and do things for a friend because they genuinely care for the person. If a friendship dissolves in this stage,
it is usually due to a violation of trust. However, children in this stage do expect their friends to share
similar interests and viewpoints and may take it as a betrayal if a friend likes someone that they do not.
Autonomous interdependence - Answer- A friend is someone who accepts you and whom you accept as
they are. In this stage, children, teens, and adults accept and even appreciate differences between
themselves and their friends. They are also not as possessive, so they are less likely to feel threatened if
their friends have other relationships or interests. Children are typically 12 or older in this stage.
adolescence - Answer- the transitional phase of growth and development between childhood and adulthood
