Bio 117 Exam 2 With 134 Questions & Answers 2024
( A+ Graded 100% Verified)
1. Are protists prokaryotic or eukaryotic organisms?: Eukaryotic
2. Are protists unicellular, multicellular, or are both present in this group?: both
unicellular and multicellular organisms
3. Explain the morphological innovations of: Nuclear membrane and
Endomembrane Organelles: an early eukaryote may have engulfed a smaller
eukaryote as a food source but instead of the food vacuole digesting the cell, the
vacuole was used as a cell wall and the engulfed cell and created a nuclear
membrane and the organelles inside evolved by folding to create them
4. Explain the morphological innovations of: Mitochondria: Early Eukaryote
absorbs early aerobic prokaryote as food but instead of being digested, the food
vacuole is now a an outermembrane
5. Explain the morphological innovations of: Chloroplasts: early eukaryote absorbs
an early photosynthetic cyanobacterium
6. What are the characteristics of groups from a phylogenetic tree that would be
considered monophyletic?: Group contains the common ancestor, all decedents of
that ancestor, and no other organisms
7. What are the characteristics of groups from a phylogenetic tree that would be
considered polyphyletic?: Group contains the common ancestor, but only some (not
all) of the descendants
8. What are the characteristics of groups from a phylogenetic tree that would be
considered paraphyletic?: Group does not contain its common ancestor
9. Do we consider the phylogeny of protists to be monophyletic, polyphyletic,
paraphyletic, or none of the above?: monophyletic
10. Protists are definitely diverse, but why do we say that "Protists do not have one
defining characteristic that separates them from all other eukaryotic
organisms?": because there is only one trait that all protists have in common..
eukaryotic but fit in no other group
11. Are fungi prokaryotic or eukaryotic organisms?: eukaryotic
12. Do we consider the phylogeny of fungi to be monophyletic or paraphyletic?:
monophyletic group
13. Are fungi unicellular, multicellular, or are both present in this group?: majority
are multicellular
14. All fungal cells have cell walls made of what material?: chitin
15. Fungi are composed of networks of filaments known as _______.: Hyphae
16. What structure is formed by hyphae?: above ground and underground
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, 17. metabolic strategies of Parasitic: absorb nutrients from living organisms
18. metabolic strategies of Lichen-forming: Live in association with green algae.
19. metabolic strategies of Mycorrhizal: Live in association with plant roots.
21. metabolic strategies of Endophytic: live inside of land plants in above ground
areas in a mutualistic relationship
22. metabolic strategies of Saprophytic: Digest dead plant material.
23. Describe the mutualistic relationships in which fungi participate: Lichens:
symbiotic; 2 organisms live together. as lichen experience light fungi feed off sugar
while the fungi provide protection to the algae
24. Describe the mutualistic relationships in which fungi participate:
Ectomychorrhizal fungi: form sheaths around roots and penetrate between root
cells
25. Describe the mutualistic relationships in which fungi participate: Arbuscular
mychorrhizal fungi: contact the plasma membranes of root cells.
26. What is the major component of wood that some saprophytic fungi can digest?:
lignin
27. describe fungal "generalized life cycle": uhhhhhh
28. Are fungi male and female?: both; asexual reproduction
29. What is a spore?: a reproductive cell that diploid cells commonly make
30. Are spores used in asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction, or both?: both
31. Mycelium undergo what kind of cell division to create a spore-producing
structure?: mitosis
32. The spore-producing structure undergoes what kind of cell division to create
spores?: mitosis
33. A spore undergoes what kind of cell division to produce mycelium?: mitosis
34. What is the ploidy of mycelium?: haploid
35. What is the ploidy of spore-producing structures?: haploid
36. What is the ploidy of spores?: haploid
37. What is the ploidy of zygotes?: diploid
38. What is the ploidy of Heterokaryotic mycelium?: haploid (n+n)
39. describe Plasmogamy: Fusion of the cytoplasm of two hyphae from different
individuals
40. describe Karyogamy: Fusion of nuclei from different mating types (2n)
41. Once a zygote is formed, what type of cell division is needed to produce a spore-
producing structure?: meiosis
42. Do you pronouce FUNGI "fung-guy" or "fun-ji": NOONE CARES THEYRE
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( A+ Graded 100% Verified)
1. Are protists prokaryotic or eukaryotic organisms?: Eukaryotic
2. Are protists unicellular, multicellular, or are both present in this group?: both
unicellular and multicellular organisms
3. Explain the morphological innovations of: Nuclear membrane and
Endomembrane Organelles: an early eukaryote may have engulfed a smaller
eukaryote as a food source but instead of the food vacuole digesting the cell, the
vacuole was used as a cell wall and the engulfed cell and created a nuclear
membrane and the organelles inside evolved by folding to create them
4. Explain the morphological innovations of: Mitochondria: Early Eukaryote
absorbs early aerobic prokaryote as food but instead of being digested, the food
vacuole is now a an outermembrane
5. Explain the morphological innovations of: Chloroplasts: early eukaryote absorbs
an early photosynthetic cyanobacterium
6. What are the characteristics of groups from a phylogenetic tree that would be
considered monophyletic?: Group contains the common ancestor, all decedents of
that ancestor, and no other organisms
7. What are the characteristics of groups from a phylogenetic tree that would be
considered polyphyletic?: Group contains the common ancestor, but only some (not
all) of the descendants
8. What are the characteristics of groups from a phylogenetic tree that would be
considered paraphyletic?: Group does not contain its common ancestor
9. Do we consider the phylogeny of protists to be monophyletic, polyphyletic,
paraphyletic, or none of the above?: monophyletic
10. Protists are definitely diverse, but why do we say that "Protists do not have one
defining characteristic that separates them from all other eukaryotic
organisms?": because there is only one trait that all protists have in common..
eukaryotic but fit in no other group
11. Are fungi prokaryotic or eukaryotic organisms?: eukaryotic
12. Do we consider the phylogeny of fungi to be monophyletic or paraphyletic?:
monophyletic group
13. Are fungi unicellular, multicellular, or are both present in this group?: majority
are multicellular
14. All fungal cells have cell walls made of what material?: chitin
15. Fungi are composed of networks of filaments known as _______.: Hyphae
16. What structure is formed by hyphae?: above ground and underground
1/7
, 17. metabolic strategies of Parasitic: absorb nutrients from living organisms
18. metabolic strategies of Lichen-forming: Live in association with green algae.
19. metabolic strategies of Mycorrhizal: Live in association with plant roots.
21. metabolic strategies of Endophytic: live inside of land plants in above ground
areas in a mutualistic relationship
22. metabolic strategies of Saprophytic: Digest dead plant material.
23. Describe the mutualistic relationships in which fungi participate: Lichens:
symbiotic; 2 organisms live together. as lichen experience light fungi feed off sugar
while the fungi provide protection to the algae
24. Describe the mutualistic relationships in which fungi participate:
Ectomychorrhizal fungi: form sheaths around roots and penetrate between root
cells
25. Describe the mutualistic relationships in which fungi participate: Arbuscular
mychorrhizal fungi: contact the plasma membranes of root cells.
26. What is the major component of wood that some saprophytic fungi can digest?:
lignin
27. describe fungal "generalized life cycle": uhhhhhh
28. Are fungi male and female?: both; asexual reproduction
29. What is a spore?: a reproductive cell that diploid cells commonly make
30. Are spores used in asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction, or both?: both
31. Mycelium undergo what kind of cell division to create a spore-producing
structure?: mitosis
32. The spore-producing structure undergoes what kind of cell division to create
spores?: mitosis
33. A spore undergoes what kind of cell division to produce mycelium?: mitosis
34. What is the ploidy of mycelium?: haploid
35. What is the ploidy of spore-producing structures?: haploid
36. What is the ploidy of spores?: haploid
37. What is the ploidy of zygotes?: diploid
38. What is the ploidy of Heterokaryotic mycelium?: haploid (n+n)
39. describe Plasmogamy: Fusion of the cytoplasm of two hyphae from different
individuals
40. describe Karyogamy: Fusion of nuclei from different mating types (2n)
41. Once a zygote is formed, what type of cell division is needed to produce a spore-
producing structure?: meiosis
42. Do you pronouce FUNGI "fung-guy" or "fun-ji": NOONE CARES THEYRE
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