Bio 117 Exam 2 With 229 Questions & Answers 2024 ( A+
Graded 100% Verified)
1. what are protists a part of: eukaryotes
2. monophyletic group: a common ancestor and all of its descendants
3. paraphyletic group: common ancestor and some of its descendants
4. do protists come from many lines of decent: yes
5. many protists are considered to be what: fungal-like, animal-like, and plant-like
6. why is protists coming from many lines of descent an issue?: leads to protist
problem in phylogenetic analysis
7. do protists sexually produce: some do when gamates fuse
8. what many protists cause in other animals: disease such as malaria, giardia
9. ecological important of protists: they are the bottom of the food chain, carbon cycle,
and algal blooms
10. why are protists so important: key morphological innovations evolved in protists
11. How did protists create nuclear membrane and endomembrane organelles: It
begins with chromosomes in the center of the cell and then the membrane begins to
infold. The enfolded membrane becomes the ER, and the chromosomes are inside
the newly created nucleus
12. species tree: describes the actual evolutionary history of the lineage
13. gene trees: describes the evolutionary history of one particular gene, such as the
gene required for the synthesis of chlorophyll a
14. endosymbiosis theory: explains innovations of mitochondria, which may have once
been free-living aerobic bacteria
15. what are the steps of the endosymbiosis theory: host cells surrounds and engulfs
bacterium, bacterium lives within host cell, host cell supplies bacterium with
protection and carbon compounds. Bacterium supplies host cell with ATP
16. primary endosymbiosis: the process in which a eukaryote engulfs another living
prokaryote
17. secondary endosymbiosis: when a living cell engulfs another eukaryote cell that has
already undergone primary endosymbiosis
18. evidence for endosymbiosis theory: - Mitochondria are similar in size to
prokaryotic cells
- Mitochondria have their own, circular DNA
- Mitochondria replicate within cells by fission
, - Mitochondrial DNA sequences are more similar to bacterial DNA than to eukaryotic
DNA
19. what is fungis role in the carbon cycle: decomposers/recyclers
20. what are single celled fungi called: yeast
21. mycella: filaments in fungi specialized for absorption of nutrients.
22. how are multicellular fungi shaped: networks of branding filaments
23 hyphae: The branching, threadlike tubes that make up the bodies of multicellular
fungi
24. cell walls of fungi: made of chitin
25. how do fungi reproduce: sexual and asexual reproduction
26. asexual reproduction in fungi: mitosis to produce spores
27. spores: Produced by meiosis. Grow into haploid organisms by mitosis.
28. plasmogamy: fusion of the cytoplasm of two hyphae from different individuals (n)
29. heterokaryotic mycelium: cells contain two haploid nuclei from different parents or
mating types (n+n)
30. kayogamy: fusion of nuclei from different mating types results in a zygote (2n)
31. why does sexual reproduction occur in fungi: due to environmental changes or
stress
32. mating types in fungi: there are many mating types, but mating types of different
individuals must be compatible
33. zygosporangia: spore-producing structures formed when hyphae are yoked
34. what reproductive structures of fungi swim: gamates and spores
35. basidia: Club-shaped structures on the underside of club fungi where spores form. It
is where meiosis occurs
36. asci: sacs where meiosis occurs and spores form
37. how are fungi divided into different lineages: based on reproductive structures
38. what fungi groups dont form monophyletic groups: chytrids and zygomycetes
39. how do fungi obtain nutrients: release digestive enzymes and absorb nutrients
from other organisms
40. saprophyic: digest organic material
41. parasitic: absorb nutrients from living organisms
42. linchen-forming: live in association with green algae
43. endophytic: live inside of land plants in above ground areas in a mutualistic
relationships
Graded 100% Verified)
1. what are protists a part of: eukaryotes
2. monophyletic group: a common ancestor and all of its descendants
3. paraphyletic group: common ancestor and some of its descendants
4. do protists come from many lines of decent: yes
5. many protists are considered to be what: fungal-like, animal-like, and plant-like
6. why is protists coming from many lines of descent an issue?: leads to protist
problem in phylogenetic analysis
7. do protists sexually produce: some do when gamates fuse
8. what many protists cause in other animals: disease such as malaria, giardia
9. ecological important of protists: they are the bottom of the food chain, carbon cycle,
and algal blooms
10. why are protists so important: key morphological innovations evolved in protists
11. How did protists create nuclear membrane and endomembrane organelles: It
begins with chromosomes in the center of the cell and then the membrane begins to
infold. The enfolded membrane becomes the ER, and the chromosomes are inside
the newly created nucleus
12. species tree: describes the actual evolutionary history of the lineage
13. gene trees: describes the evolutionary history of one particular gene, such as the
gene required for the synthesis of chlorophyll a
14. endosymbiosis theory: explains innovations of mitochondria, which may have once
been free-living aerobic bacteria
15. what are the steps of the endosymbiosis theory: host cells surrounds and engulfs
bacterium, bacterium lives within host cell, host cell supplies bacterium with
protection and carbon compounds. Bacterium supplies host cell with ATP
16. primary endosymbiosis: the process in which a eukaryote engulfs another living
prokaryote
17. secondary endosymbiosis: when a living cell engulfs another eukaryote cell that has
already undergone primary endosymbiosis
18. evidence for endosymbiosis theory: - Mitochondria are similar in size to
prokaryotic cells
- Mitochondria have their own, circular DNA
- Mitochondria replicate within cells by fission
, - Mitochondrial DNA sequences are more similar to bacterial DNA than to eukaryotic
DNA
19. what is fungis role in the carbon cycle: decomposers/recyclers
20. what are single celled fungi called: yeast
21. mycella: filaments in fungi specialized for absorption of nutrients.
22. how are multicellular fungi shaped: networks of branding filaments
23 hyphae: The branching, threadlike tubes that make up the bodies of multicellular
fungi
24. cell walls of fungi: made of chitin
25. how do fungi reproduce: sexual and asexual reproduction
26. asexual reproduction in fungi: mitosis to produce spores
27. spores: Produced by meiosis. Grow into haploid organisms by mitosis.
28. plasmogamy: fusion of the cytoplasm of two hyphae from different individuals (n)
29. heterokaryotic mycelium: cells contain two haploid nuclei from different parents or
mating types (n+n)
30. kayogamy: fusion of nuclei from different mating types results in a zygote (2n)
31. why does sexual reproduction occur in fungi: due to environmental changes or
stress
32. mating types in fungi: there are many mating types, but mating types of different
individuals must be compatible
33. zygosporangia: spore-producing structures formed when hyphae are yoked
34. what reproductive structures of fungi swim: gamates and spores
35. basidia: Club-shaped structures on the underside of club fungi where spores form. It
is where meiosis occurs
36. asci: sacs where meiosis occurs and spores form
37. how are fungi divided into different lineages: based on reproductive structures
38. what fungi groups dont form monophyletic groups: chytrids and zygomycetes
39. how do fungi obtain nutrients: release digestive enzymes and absorb nutrients
from other organisms
40. saprophyic: digest organic material
41. parasitic: absorb nutrients from living organisms
42. linchen-forming: live in association with green algae
43. endophytic: live inside of land plants in above ground areas in a mutualistic
relationships
