CHEM 30 TEST BANK 2. A+ GRADE.
REVISED QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS.
2024/2025
1. How do you classify alcohols into 1 0 , 2 0 , etc?: classify based
on the number of carbon groups attached to the carbon that is
attached to the alcohol
2. How many bonds and Ione pairs does neutral carbon
have? Negative formal charge? Positive formal
charge? : neutral- 4 bonds negative formal charge- 3
bonds, 1 LP positive formal charge- 3 bonds, 0 LP
3. How many bonds and Ione pairs does neutral nitrogen
have? Negative formal charge? Positive formal
charge?: neutral- 3 bonds, 1 LP negative formal
charge- 2 bonds, 2 LP positive formal charge- 4 bonds
4. How many bonds and Ione pairs does neutral oxygen
have? Negative formal charge? Positive formal
charge?: neutral- 2 bonds, 2 LP negative formal
charge- 1 bond, 3 LP positive formal charge- 3 bonds,
1 LP
5. How many bonds and Ione pairs does a neutral halogen
have? Negative formal charge? : neutral- 1 bond, 3 LP
negative formal charge- 4 LP
6. What are the Bronsted-Lowry acids and bases to
memorize? Wha* general structure of a Bronsted-Lowry
acid?: - hydrohalic acids (H-X is Br, l, Cl), carboxylic
acid, hydronium, nitric acid (HN03), sulfuric acid (l Acids
phosphoric acid (H3P04), oxonium ion (R20H+)
Bronsted-Lowry Acids at acids have protons directly
bonded to an electronegative atom (O, N, X)
7. What are the amphiprotic acids and bases to memorize?: 1
amphiprot
water an
H 20
ROH
1/26
, CHEM 30 TEST BANK 2. A+ GRADE.
REVISED QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS.
2024/2025
8. What are the Bronsted-Lowry bases to memorize? What
is the BasesNaOH = -OH structure of a Bronsted-
Lowry base?: hydroxides (ex. NaOH, KOH NH3, R3N
(NH3, RNH2, R3N), hydride alkoxide (RO-), carboanions
- bases tend to contain an atom that has lone pair(s) and/or a Bases
R-OS
negativ tyyoøe
CH3 CH3CH2
9. How many arrows does proton transfer always have?
What do these 2 arrows always represent?: 2 simultaneous
arrows
1 . bond-making: from base lone pair to acidic proton
2. bond-breaking: from Z-H sigma bond back to Z (Z is an
EN atom, such as O, N,
X)
10. What is the definition of an acid (Lewis & Bronsted-
Lowry)?: donates its proton by accepting electrons from the
base
1 1 . What is the definition of a base (Lewis & Bronsted-
Lowry)?: accepts a proton by donating its electrons to the proton
to form a new covalent bond
12. What is a nucleophile?: electron pair donor, e- rich atom,
"nucleus loving"
13. What is an electrophile?: electron pair acceptor, e- poor atom,
"electron loving"
14. What are some of the obvious/most common
electrophiles?: - carbocation - carbon attached to an eN
atom (O, N, X) -> since the carbon will have a partial
positive charge
2/26
, CHEM 30 TEST BANK 2. A+ GRADE.
REVISED QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS.
2024/2025
15. When should we be careful to look for carbocation
rearrangement? What are the 2 types of shift possible, and
when will they happen? : always stop and inspect anytime
a SECONDARY carbocation forms, may have
carbocation rearrangement
1 . tertiary carbon adjacent to a secondary carbocation = hydride
shift
--> hydrogen shifts from 3 0 carbon to 2 0 carbocation, forming a
3 0 carbocation (more stable)
2. quaternary carbon with at least 1 methyl group adjacent to a
secondary carbocation = methyl shift
--> methyl shifts from 4 0 carbon to 2 0 carbocation, forming a 3 0
carbocation
16. What is the commonality between all good nucleophiles
(i.e. how to spot a good nucleophile)?: they are all
ANIONS ex. OH-, RO-, Br-
17. What is the commonality between all moderate nucleophiles
(i.e. how to spot a moderate nucleophile)?: they are all
neutral but do not have an O-H bond --> neutral sulfur and
nitrogen containing molecules
18. What is the commonality between all poor nucleophiles
(i.e. how to spot a poor nucleophile)?: they are all neutral
and have an O-H bond ex. H20, ROH, carboxylic acids
19. What are the good leaving groups? What makes a leaving
group good? : 1-,
Br-, Cl-, 1-120
- good leaving groups are stable anions (weak bases)
3/26
REVISED QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS.
2024/2025
1. How do you classify alcohols into 1 0 , 2 0 , etc?: classify based
on the number of carbon groups attached to the carbon that is
attached to the alcohol
2. How many bonds and Ione pairs does neutral carbon
have? Negative formal charge? Positive formal
charge? : neutral- 4 bonds negative formal charge- 3
bonds, 1 LP positive formal charge- 3 bonds, 0 LP
3. How many bonds and Ione pairs does neutral nitrogen
have? Negative formal charge? Positive formal
charge?: neutral- 3 bonds, 1 LP negative formal
charge- 2 bonds, 2 LP positive formal charge- 4 bonds
4. How many bonds and Ione pairs does neutral oxygen
have? Negative formal charge? Positive formal
charge?: neutral- 2 bonds, 2 LP negative formal
charge- 1 bond, 3 LP positive formal charge- 3 bonds,
1 LP
5. How many bonds and Ione pairs does a neutral halogen
have? Negative formal charge? : neutral- 1 bond, 3 LP
negative formal charge- 4 LP
6. What are the Bronsted-Lowry acids and bases to
memorize? Wha* general structure of a Bronsted-Lowry
acid?: - hydrohalic acids (H-X is Br, l, Cl), carboxylic
acid, hydronium, nitric acid (HN03), sulfuric acid (l Acids
phosphoric acid (H3P04), oxonium ion (R20H+)
Bronsted-Lowry Acids at acids have protons directly
bonded to an electronegative atom (O, N, X)
7. What are the amphiprotic acids and bases to memorize?: 1
amphiprot
water an
H 20
ROH
1/26
, CHEM 30 TEST BANK 2. A+ GRADE.
REVISED QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS.
2024/2025
8. What are the Bronsted-Lowry bases to memorize? What
is the BasesNaOH = -OH structure of a Bronsted-
Lowry base?: hydroxides (ex. NaOH, KOH NH3, R3N
(NH3, RNH2, R3N), hydride alkoxide (RO-), carboanions
- bases tend to contain an atom that has lone pair(s) and/or a Bases
R-OS
negativ tyyoøe
CH3 CH3CH2
9. How many arrows does proton transfer always have?
What do these 2 arrows always represent?: 2 simultaneous
arrows
1 . bond-making: from base lone pair to acidic proton
2. bond-breaking: from Z-H sigma bond back to Z (Z is an
EN atom, such as O, N,
X)
10. What is the definition of an acid (Lewis & Bronsted-
Lowry)?: donates its proton by accepting electrons from the
base
1 1 . What is the definition of a base (Lewis & Bronsted-
Lowry)?: accepts a proton by donating its electrons to the proton
to form a new covalent bond
12. What is a nucleophile?: electron pair donor, e- rich atom,
"nucleus loving"
13. What is an electrophile?: electron pair acceptor, e- poor atom,
"electron loving"
14. What are some of the obvious/most common
electrophiles?: - carbocation - carbon attached to an eN
atom (O, N, X) -> since the carbon will have a partial
positive charge
2/26
, CHEM 30 TEST BANK 2. A+ GRADE.
REVISED QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS.
2024/2025
15. When should we be careful to look for carbocation
rearrangement? What are the 2 types of shift possible, and
when will they happen? : always stop and inspect anytime
a SECONDARY carbocation forms, may have
carbocation rearrangement
1 . tertiary carbon adjacent to a secondary carbocation = hydride
shift
--> hydrogen shifts from 3 0 carbon to 2 0 carbocation, forming a
3 0 carbocation (more stable)
2. quaternary carbon with at least 1 methyl group adjacent to a
secondary carbocation = methyl shift
--> methyl shifts from 4 0 carbon to 2 0 carbocation, forming a 3 0
carbocation
16. What is the commonality between all good nucleophiles
(i.e. how to spot a good nucleophile)?: they are all
ANIONS ex. OH-, RO-, Br-
17. What is the commonality between all moderate nucleophiles
(i.e. how to spot a moderate nucleophile)?: they are all
neutral but do not have an O-H bond --> neutral sulfur and
nitrogen containing molecules
18. What is the commonality between all poor nucleophiles
(i.e. how to spot a poor nucleophile)?: they are all neutral
and have an O-H bond ex. H20, ROH, carboxylic acids
19. What are the good leaving groups? What makes a leaving
group good? : 1-,
Br-, Cl-, 1-120
- good leaving groups are stable anions (weak bases)
3/26
