KIN 336 - EXAM 1 with complete
solutions
What three layers make up the meninges? - ANSWER- - dura mater, arachnoid
mater, pia mater
What is the function of the meninges? - ANSWER- - Cover and protect the CNS
- Protect blood vessels and enclose venous sinuses
- Contain cerebrospinal fluid
- Form partitions in the skull.
What is cerebrospinal fluid? - ANSWER- - forms a liquid cushion of constant
volume around the brain
What are the functions of cerebrospinal fluid? - ANSWER- - buoyancy (reduce
weight of brain by 97%)
- protection
- chemical stability
What is cerebrospinal fluid composed of? - ANSWER- - clear solution formed
from blood plasma
Central Nervous System - ANSWER- - brain and spinal cord
- protected by bone
Peripheral Nervous System - ANSWER- - innervates skin, joints, & muscle
Visceromotor (Autonomic) Nervous System - ANSWER- - innervates cardiac
muscle, smooth muscle, organs, & glands
What are the 4 divisions of CNS? - ANSWER- - Forebrain
- Brainstem
- Cerebellum
- Spinal Cord
, What does the forebrain consist of? - ANSWER- - cerebral hemispheres,
thalamus, basal nuclei
What does the brainstem consist of? - ANSWER- - midbrain, pons, medulla
What is the cerebral cortex? - ANSWER- - layer of cell bodies folded into
elevations (gyri) and creases (sulci)
What is the basal ganglia? - ANSWER- - involved in motor control
- i.e. Parkinson's disease
What is the thalamus? - ANSWER- - relay center for sensory info from PNS to
cerebral cortex
- i.e. position, temperature, pain, vision
What makes up gray matter? - ANSWER- - Neuron cell bodies
What makes up white matter? - ANSWER- - myelinated axons
What is the precentral gyrus? - ANSWER- - primary motor cortex
What does area 8 represent? - ANSWER- - eye movement
What does area 5 represent? - ANSWER- - somatosensory processing
What does area 7 represent? - ANSWER- - locating objects in space (vision and
proprioception)
What is the corticospinal tract? - ANSWER- - fibers start at primary motor cortex
and pass through the internal capsule before entering the brainstem
What do the fibers do in the corticospinal tract? - ANSWER- - pass around the
thalamus and travel through the midbrain and pons to the medulla
Medullospinal junction - ANSWER- - 85-90% of fibers cross the midline at the
pyramidal (motor decussation)
- form the *lateral cortical spinal tract*
Anterior corticospinal tract - ANSWER- - fibers that do not cross the pyramidal
solutions
What three layers make up the meninges? - ANSWER- - dura mater, arachnoid
mater, pia mater
What is the function of the meninges? - ANSWER- - Cover and protect the CNS
- Protect blood vessels and enclose venous sinuses
- Contain cerebrospinal fluid
- Form partitions in the skull.
What is cerebrospinal fluid? - ANSWER- - forms a liquid cushion of constant
volume around the brain
What are the functions of cerebrospinal fluid? - ANSWER- - buoyancy (reduce
weight of brain by 97%)
- protection
- chemical stability
What is cerebrospinal fluid composed of? - ANSWER- - clear solution formed
from blood plasma
Central Nervous System - ANSWER- - brain and spinal cord
- protected by bone
Peripheral Nervous System - ANSWER- - innervates skin, joints, & muscle
Visceromotor (Autonomic) Nervous System - ANSWER- - innervates cardiac
muscle, smooth muscle, organs, & glands
What are the 4 divisions of CNS? - ANSWER- - Forebrain
- Brainstem
- Cerebellum
- Spinal Cord
, What does the forebrain consist of? - ANSWER- - cerebral hemispheres,
thalamus, basal nuclei
What does the brainstem consist of? - ANSWER- - midbrain, pons, medulla
What is the cerebral cortex? - ANSWER- - layer of cell bodies folded into
elevations (gyri) and creases (sulci)
What is the basal ganglia? - ANSWER- - involved in motor control
- i.e. Parkinson's disease
What is the thalamus? - ANSWER- - relay center for sensory info from PNS to
cerebral cortex
- i.e. position, temperature, pain, vision
What makes up gray matter? - ANSWER- - Neuron cell bodies
What makes up white matter? - ANSWER- - myelinated axons
What is the precentral gyrus? - ANSWER- - primary motor cortex
What does area 8 represent? - ANSWER- - eye movement
What does area 5 represent? - ANSWER- - somatosensory processing
What does area 7 represent? - ANSWER- - locating objects in space (vision and
proprioception)
What is the corticospinal tract? - ANSWER- - fibers start at primary motor cortex
and pass through the internal capsule before entering the brainstem
What do the fibers do in the corticospinal tract? - ANSWER- - pass around the
thalamus and travel through the midbrain and pons to the medulla
Medullospinal junction - ANSWER- - 85-90% of fibers cross the midline at the
pyramidal (motor decussation)
- form the *lateral cortical spinal tract*
Anterior corticospinal tract - ANSWER- - fibers that do not cross the pyramidal
