Evolutionary Trees
Gae#2914124
What are they ?
-
visualization of speciation linking all species that ever lived on earth
-
aka phylogenic trees
-
show link all the way to a common ancestor
-
can represent species , populations, individs , genes
-
trees are hypothesis and can changed based on new DMA/ fossil evidence
How to read
-
tips = taxa =
youngest lineage
-
branching points = nades =
splitting via speciation
m -
bottom-common ancestor = oldest lineage
-
taxa that share a more common ancestor are more closely related
-
clade =
group of organisms that include single ancestor + all its decendants
-
imagine making one cut on the tree
-
non-clade groups =
poly/paraphyletic
-
imagine making two cuts
-
trees can show same things differently
-
pruning =
simplifying/removing extinct
Anatomy of the Tree
1) outgroup =
lineage outside the clade
A 7
but still related Cless related than
de
· ingroup
-
identify by terminal taxa closest
t the base
2) rost = last common ancestor of ALL
M 3) in group = clade of focus
S
4) nade = speciation (splitting) event
· 5
5) character state change = when a
·3 s new trait evolves
·
6) polytomy = noue w/ 2+ lineages
7) sister youps =
2 clades that are closest relatives to eso Calways the same age
Character = morphological/molecular
8) trait that's distinct/recognizable
9) terminal taxon = doesn't form a clade wanother , extinct or extant
Gae#2914124
What are they ?
-
visualization of speciation linking all species that ever lived on earth
-
aka phylogenic trees
-
show link all the way to a common ancestor
-
can represent species , populations, individs , genes
-
trees are hypothesis and can changed based on new DMA/ fossil evidence
How to read
-
tips = taxa =
youngest lineage
-
branching points = nades =
splitting via speciation
m -
bottom-common ancestor = oldest lineage
-
taxa that share a more common ancestor are more closely related
-
clade =
group of organisms that include single ancestor + all its decendants
-
imagine making one cut on the tree
-
non-clade groups =
poly/paraphyletic
-
imagine making two cuts
-
trees can show same things differently
-
pruning =
simplifying/removing extinct
Anatomy of the Tree
1) outgroup =
lineage outside the clade
A 7
but still related Cless related than
de
· ingroup
-
identify by terminal taxa closest
t the base
2) rost = last common ancestor of ALL
M 3) in group = clade of focus
S
4) nade = speciation (splitting) event
· 5
5) character state change = when a
·3 s new trait evolves
·
6) polytomy = noue w/ 2+ lineages
7) sister youps =
2 clades that are closest relatives to eso Calways the same age
Character = morphological/molecular
8) trait that's distinct/recognizable
9) terminal taxon = doesn't form a clade wanother , extinct or extant
