BASIC CHEMISTRY
MATTER ● Electrical Energy
○ Flow of electron
★ Is the “stuff” of the universe. ○ results from the movement
★ With some exceptions, it can be of charged particles. In
seen, smelled, and felt. More your house, electrical
precisely, matter is anything that energy is the flow of
occupies space and has mass electrons along the wiring.
(weight). In your body, an electrical
★ Matter exists in solid, liquid, and current is generated when
gaseous states. charged particles (called
★ Matter may be changed both ions) move across cell
physically and chemically. Physical membranes. The nervous
changes do not alter the basic system uses electrical
nature of a substance. currents called nerve
★ Why study matter : your body is a impulses to transmit
chemical plant with millions of messages from one part of
chemical reactions. the body to another.
● Mechanical Energy
ENERGY ○ is energy directly involved
★ has no mass and does not take up in moving matter.
space. ○ Movement of parts
★ It can be measured only by its ○ When you ride a bicycle,
effects on matter. We commonly your legs provide the
define energy as the ability to do mechanical energy that
work or to put matter into motion. moves the pedals. We can
take this example one step
further back: As the muscles
KINETIC ENERGY in your legs shorten, they
★ When energy is actually doing work pull on your bones, causing
(moving objects), we refer to it as your limbs to move (so that
kinetic energy. you can pedal the bike).
★ Kinetic energy is displayed in the ● Radiant Energy
constant movement of the tiniest ○ travels in waves;
particles of matter (atoms) as well ○ That is, it is the energy of
as in larger objects the electromagnetic
spectrum, which includes X
POTENTIAL ENERGY rays, infrared radiation
★ When energy is inactive or stored (heat energy), visible light,
(as in the batteries of an unused radio, and ultraviolet waves.
toy), we call it potential energy. Light energy, which
stimulates the retinas of
your eyes, is important in
FORMS OF ENERGY vision. Ultraviolet waves
● Chemical Energy cause sunburn, but they
○ is stored in the bonds of also stimulate our bodies to
chemical substances. When make vitamin D.
the bonds are broken, the
(potential) stored energy is ★ Energy Form Conversion
unleashed and becomes ○ In the body, chemical
kinetic energy (energy in energy of foods is trapped
action). in the bonds of a
, high-energy chemical called ○
+
Protons (𝑝 ) have a positive
ATP (adenosine charge; found in the nucleus
triphosphate), and ATP’s 0
○ Neutrons (𝑛 ) are
energy may ultimately be
uncharged, or neutral;
transformed into the
found in the nucleus
electrical energy of a nerve −
impulse or mechanical ○ Electrons (𝑒 ) bear a
energy of shortening negative charge; arranged
muscles. into energy levels (shells)
○ Energy conversions are not orbiting the nucleus.
very efficient, and some of PATTERNS OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS
the initial energy supply is 1. Synthesis reaction (A + B AB)
always “lost” to the ★ Atoms or molecules
environment as heat combine
(thermal energy). It is not ★ Energy is absorbed for
really lost, because energy bond formation
cannot be created or ★ Anabolic reaction
destroyed, but the part Ex: amino acids bond for
given off as heat is form proteins.
unusable. 2. Decomposition reaction (AB A+B)
COMPOSITION OF MATTER ★ Molecules is broken down
★ Chemical energy is released
ELEMENTS - all matter is composed of a ★ Catabolic reactions
limited number of substances Ex: ATP loses a phosphate ,
➢ 4 elements: (96% of the body is release energy
made from four elements) 3. Exchange reactions (AB + C AC +
○ CARBON - The primary B)
element in all organic ★ Involves both synthesis and
molecules, including decomposition reactions
carbohydrates, lipids, ★ Switch os made between
proteins, and nucleic acids. molecule parts and
○ OXYGEN - A major different molecules are
component of both organic made
and inorganic molecules; as Ex: Glucose 6 phosphate gives up a
a gas, essential to the phosphate to ADP to make ATP
oxidation of glucose and
other food fuels, during
which cellular energy (ATP)
is produced.
○ HYDROGEN - A component BIOCHEMISTRY : ESSENTIALS FOR LIFE
of most organic molecules;
as an ion (a charged atom),
it influences the pH of body Inorganic Compound
fluids. ○ Lack carbon
○ NITROGEN - A component ○ Tend to be simpler
of proteins and nucleic compounds
acids (genetic material). ■ Ex: 𝐻2O (water),
ATOMS NaCl (sodium
★ The word atom comes from the chloride), 𝐶𝑂2
Greek word meaning “incapable of (carbon dioxide), 𝑂2
being divided”
★ Subatomic particles of an atom: (oxygen)
MATTER ● Electrical Energy
○ Flow of electron
★ Is the “stuff” of the universe. ○ results from the movement
★ With some exceptions, it can be of charged particles. In
seen, smelled, and felt. More your house, electrical
precisely, matter is anything that energy is the flow of
occupies space and has mass electrons along the wiring.
(weight). In your body, an electrical
★ Matter exists in solid, liquid, and current is generated when
gaseous states. charged particles (called
★ Matter may be changed both ions) move across cell
physically and chemically. Physical membranes. The nervous
changes do not alter the basic system uses electrical
nature of a substance. currents called nerve
★ Why study matter : your body is a impulses to transmit
chemical plant with millions of messages from one part of
chemical reactions. the body to another.
● Mechanical Energy
ENERGY ○ is energy directly involved
★ has no mass and does not take up in moving matter.
space. ○ Movement of parts
★ It can be measured only by its ○ When you ride a bicycle,
effects on matter. We commonly your legs provide the
define energy as the ability to do mechanical energy that
work or to put matter into motion. moves the pedals. We can
take this example one step
further back: As the muscles
KINETIC ENERGY in your legs shorten, they
★ When energy is actually doing work pull on your bones, causing
(moving objects), we refer to it as your limbs to move (so that
kinetic energy. you can pedal the bike).
★ Kinetic energy is displayed in the ● Radiant Energy
constant movement of the tiniest ○ travels in waves;
particles of matter (atoms) as well ○ That is, it is the energy of
as in larger objects the electromagnetic
spectrum, which includes X
POTENTIAL ENERGY rays, infrared radiation
★ When energy is inactive or stored (heat energy), visible light,
(as in the batteries of an unused radio, and ultraviolet waves.
toy), we call it potential energy. Light energy, which
stimulates the retinas of
your eyes, is important in
FORMS OF ENERGY vision. Ultraviolet waves
● Chemical Energy cause sunburn, but they
○ is stored in the bonds of also stimulate our bodies to
chemical substances. When make vitamin D.
the bonds are broken, the
(potential) stored energy is ★ Energy Form Conversion
unleashed and becomes ○ In the body, chemical
kinetic energy (energy in energy of foods is trapped
action). in the bonds of a
, high-energy chemical called ○
+
Protons (𝑝 ) have a positive
ATP (adenosine charge; found in the nucleus
triphosphate), and ATP’s 0
○ Neutrons (𝑛 ) are
energy may ultimately be
uncharged, or neutral;
transformed into the
found in the nucleus
electrical energy of a nerve −
impulse or mechanical ○ Electrons (𝑒 ) bear a
energy of shortening negative charge; arranged
muscles. into energy levels (shells)
○ Energy conversions are not orbiting the nucleus.
very efficient, and some of PATTERNS OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS
the initial energy supply is 1. Synthesis reaction (A + B AB)
always “lost” to the ★ Atoms or molecules
environment as heat combine
(thermal energy). It is not ★ Energy is absorbed for
really lost, because energy bond formation
cannot be created or ★ Anabolic reaction
destroyed, but the part Ex: amino acids bond for
given off as heat is form proteins.
unusable. 2. Decomposition reaction (AB A+B)
COMPOSITION OF MATTER ★ Molecules is broken down
★ Chemical energy is released
ELEMENTS - all matter is composed of a ★ Catabolic reactions
limited number of substances Ex: ATP loses a phosphate ,
➢ 4 elements: (96% of the body is release energy
made from four elements) 3. Exchange reactions (AB + C AC +
○ CARBON - The primary B)
element in all organic ★ Involves both synthesis and
molecules, including decomposition reactions
carbohydrates, lipids, ★ Switch os made between
proteins, and nucleic acids. molecule parts and
○ OXYGEN - A major different molecules are
component of both organic made
and inorganic molecules; as Ex: Glucose 6 phosphate gives up a
a gas, essential to the phosphate to ADP to make ATP
oxidation of glucose and
other food fuels, during
which cellular energy (ATP)
is produced.
○ HYDROGEN - A component BIOCHEMISTRY : ESSENTIALS FOR LIFE
of most organic molecules;
as an ion (a charged atom),
it influences the pH of body Inorganic Compound
fluids. ○ Lack carbon
○ NITROGEN - A component ○ Tend to be simpler
of proteins and nucleic compounds
acids (genetic material). ■ Ex: 𝐻2O (water),
ATOMS NaCl (sodium
★ The word atom comes from the chloride), 𝐶𝑂2
Greek word meaning “incapable of (carbon dioxide), 𝑂2
being divided”
★ Subatomic particles of an atom: (oxygen)
