Contents
ENT - Otolaryngology................................................................................................................................................................
Oral Cavity.............................................................................................................................................................................
Salivary Glands...................................................................................................................................................................
Oral Leukoplakia................................................................................................................................................................
Oral candidiasis..................................................................................................................................................................
Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) dysfunction....................................................................................................................
Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia..............................................................................................................................................
Ear.........................................................................................................................................................................................
Hearing loss........................................................................................................................................................................
Ramsay Hunt Syndrome – Herpes zoster oticus................................................................................................................
Dizziness.............................................................................................................................................................................
Polychondritis....................................................................................................................................................................
Nose......................................................................................................................................................................................
Allergic rhinitis...................................................................................................................................................................
Aspirin exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD)................................................................................................................
Epistaxis.............................................................................................................................................................................
Throat...................................................................................................................................................................................
Peritonsillar abscess...........................................................................................................................................................
Laryngeal Papillomas.........................................................................................................................................................
Infectious Epiglottitis..........................................................................................................................................................
ENT - Surgery........................................................................................................................................................................
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma...............................................................................................................................................
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Pharynx.........................................................................................................................
Deep neck space infection.................................................................................................................................................
Ludwig Angina....................................................................................................................................................................
Torus Palatinus...................................................................................................................................................................
ENT - Pediatrics.....................................................................................................................................................................
Ear......................................................................................................................................................................................
Nose...................................................................................................................................................................................
Throat................................................................................................................................................................................
Others...................................................................................................................................................................................
Tolosa Hunt Syndrome.......................................................................................................................................................
1
,ENT - Otolaryngology
2
, Oral Cavity
Salivary Glands
Sialadenosis
- Benign, non-tender, non-inflammatory enlargement of salivary glands
- Causes: Common in pts with advanced liver disease, also in pts with altered dietary patterns or malnutrition
(e.g. diabetes, bulimia)
- Associated with abnormal autonomic innervation of the glands, with accumulation of secretory granules in
acinar cells.
- D/d: sialadenitis (focal tenderness, erythema, fever), salivary gland stones (glandular swelling and pain with
meals), and malignancy
- No management is needed other than to address any underlying nutritional disorders.
Pleomorphic Adenoma
- Benign neoplasm affecting salivary glands. Presents as a firm nodule.
- Composed of chondromyxoid stroma and epithelium. Usually unilateral.
Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma
- Most common malignant tumor, has mucinous and squamous components
Warthin tumor (Papillary Cystadenoma Lymphomatosum)
- benign cystic tumor with germinal centers. Typically found in smokers. Bilateral in 10%; multifocal in 10%.
“Warriors from Germany love smoking.”
Oral Leukoplakia
- Reactive precancerous lesion that represent hyperplasia of squamous epithelium
- Risk factors: same as those for squamous cell ca, smokeless tobacco (tobacco chewing) & alcohol use
- Sx: white granular patch or plaque over buccal mucosa, cannot be scraped off.
- Natural history depends on degree of dysplasia, with 1-20% lesions progressing to squamous cell ca in 10 years.
Most resolve within a few weeks with cessation of tobacco use
- The development of areas with induration and/or ulceration should prompt biopsy to rule out malignant
transformation of the lesion
Oral candidiasis
- Risk factors: dm, immunodeficiency, use of antibiotics or inhaled glucocorticoids
- Sx: white plaques on oral mucosa, tongue, or oropharynx with underlying erythema can be scraped off with
tongue depressor
Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) dysfunction
- Most pts have a history of nocturnal teeth grinding
3
ENT - Otolaryngology................................................................................................................................................................
Oral Cavity.............................................................................................................................................................................
Salivary Glands...................................................................................................................................................................
Oral Leukoplakia................................................................................................................................................................
Oral candidiasis..................................................................................................................................................................
Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) dysfunction....................................................................................................................
Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia..............................................................................................................................................
Ear.........................................................................................................................................................................................
Hearing loss........................................................................................................................................................................
Ramsay Hunt Syndrome – Herpes zoster oticus................................................................................................................
Dizziness.............................................................................................................................................................................
Polychondritis....................................................................................................................................................................
Nose......................................................................................................................................................................................
Allergic rhinitis...................................................................................................................................................................
Aspirin exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD)................................................................................................................
Epistaxis.............................................................................................................................................................................
Throat...................................................................................................................................................................................
Peritonsillar abscess...........................................................................................................................................................
Laryngeal Papillomas.........................................................................................................................................................
Infectious Epiglottitis..........................................................................................................................................................
ENT - Surgery........................................................................................................................................................................
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma...............................................................................................................................................
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Pharynx.........................................................................................................................
Deep neck space infection.................................................................................................................................................
Ludwig Angina....................................................................................................................................................................
Torus Palatinus...................................................................................................................................................................
ENT - Pediatrics.....................................................................................................................................................................
Ear......................................................................................................................................................................................
Nose...................................................................................................................................................................................
Throat................................................................................................................................................................................
Others...................................................................................................................................................................................
Tolosa Hunt Syndrome.......................................................................................................................................................
1
,ENT - Otolaryngology
2
, Oral Cavity
Salivary Glands
Sialadenosis
- Benign, non-tender, non-inflammatory enlargement of salivary glands
- Causes: Common in pts with advanced liver disease, also in pts with altered dietary patterns or malnutrition
(e.g. diabetes, bulimia)
- Associated with abnormal autonomic innervation of the glands, with accumulation of secretory granules in
acinar cells.
- D/d: sialadenitis (focal tenderness, erythema, fever), salivary gland stones (glandular swelling and pain with
meals), and malignancy
- No management is needed other than to address any underlying nutritional disorders.
Pleomorphic Adenoma
- Benign neoplasm affecting salivary glands. Presents as a firm nodule.
- Composed of chondromyxoid stroma and epithelium. Usually unilateral.
Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma
- Most common malignant tumor, has mucinous and squamous components
Warthin tumor (Papillary Cystadenoma Lymphomatosum)
- benign cystic tumor with germinal centers. Typically found in smokers. Bilateral in 10%; multifocal in 10%.
“Warriors from Germany love smoking.”
Oral Leukoplakia
- Reactive precancerous lesion that represent hyperplasia of squamous epithelium
- Risk factors: same as those for squamous cell ca, smokeless tobacco (tobacco chewing) & alcohol use
- Sx: white granular patch or plaque over buccal mucosa, cannot be scraped off.
- Natural history depends on degree of dysplasia, with 1-20% lesions progressing to squamous cell ca in 10 years.
Most resolve within a few weeks with cessation of tobacco use
- The development of areas with induration and/or ulceration should prompt biopsy to rule out malignant
transformation of the lesion
Oral candidiasis
- Risk factors: dm, immunodeficiency, use of antibiotics or inhaled glucocorticoids
- Sx: white plaques on oral mucosa, tongue, or oropharynx with underlying erythema can be scraped off with
tongue depressor
Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) dysfunction
- Most pts have a history of nocturnal teeth grinding
3
