Table Summary
Monday, 15 April, 2024 9:40 PM
Separation Techniques - Chromatography
Technique/Category Paper Chromatography Thin Layer Chromatography Column Chromatography High Pressure Liquid Chrom. (HPLC) Gas Chromatography
Stationary Phase Cellulose (solid) Silica on glass/plastic/aluminium (solid) Silica gel (solid) Silica/alumina filled HPLC column (solid) Polymer filled GC column(liquid)
Mobile Phase Water (liquid) Ethyl acetate (liquid) Ethyl acetate (liquid) Ethyl acetate (liquid) Argon (inert gas/carrier gas)
Important Retention factor = distance to component/distance Retention factor = distance to component/distance to Retention time = time when sample is injected into Retention time = time when sample is injected into Retention time = time when sample is injected into column
Calculations to solvent front solvent front column until it is eluted column until it is eluted until it is eluted
*cannot be more than 1. *cannot be more than 1.
Functional Diagram
How it separates Stationary phase is POLAR (-OH group) Stationary phase is POLAR (hydroxyl groups) Stationary phase is POLAR (hydroxyl groups) Stationary phase is POLAR (hydroxyl groups) Stationary phase is POLAR (uneven electron distribution)
Polar compounds in sample → ATTRACTED Polar compounds in sample → ATTRACTED Polar compounds in sample → ATTRACTED Polar compounds in sample → ATTRACTED Polar compounds in sample → ATTRACTED
- Sticks to stationary phase, slowing down - Sticks to stationary phase, slowing down - Sticks to stationary phase, slowing down - Sticks to stationary phase, slowing down - Sticks to stationary phase, slowing down
Non-polar compounds in sample → NOT ATTRACTED Non-polar compounds in sample → NOT ATTRACTED Non-polar compounds in sample → NOT ATTRACTED Non-polar compounds in sample → NOT ATTRACTED Non-polar compounds in sample → NOT ATTRACTED
- Don't stick to stationary phase, moves faster - Don't stick to stationary phase, moves faster - Don't stick to stationary phase, moves faster - Don't stick to stationary phase, moves faster - Don't stick to stationary phase, moves faster
- With the help of gravity (pulls down) - With the help of pressure (pushes out) - With the help of pressure (pushes out)
Calibration Graph
UV-Visible Spectroscopy
Uses UV-Visible regions to calibrate a graph of known samples concentration against absorbance values, then comparing and identifying the concentration of unknown sample using absorbance value.
Machine used: UV-Visible Spectrophotometer
Monochromator selects the wavelength most suitable to pass through sample → detector measures the absorbance to display a value
Plot a graph of concentration of known samples (x-axis) against the respective absorbance value (y-axis)
* Can be used for both organic and inorganic compounds
Identifying Compounds
Technique/Category Mass Spectroscopy Infra-red Spectroscopy Carbon-13 NMR Spectroscopy Proton NMR Spectroscopy
Uses Determines: Determines: Determines: Determines:
1. Different isotopes 1. Functional group(s) present in a compound 1. The structure of different molecules 1. The structure of different molecules
2. Molecular masses
3. Some structural info about compounds
Functional Diagram
Chromatogram Chlorobenzene Chloroethane
Peaks 1. Largest peak from the right represents the molecular mass of 1. Area under the peak represents the amount/quantity of the functional groups 1. Only exists as singlets. 1. Exists as singlet and multiplets
the ion of the compound present 2. Identifies the number of chemical environments the carbon atoms 2. Identifies the number of hydrogen attached to the neighbouring
2. The other more significant peaks/larger relative intensity 2. Different peaks at wavenumbers represents one type of functional group are in carbon + extra 1 in the same chemical environment to form the spectrum
might be isotopes of the element in the compound that exists (support with reasoning)
either more prominently or less prominently
Important Information n/a n/a n/a
Study Area 2 Page 1
Monday, 15 April, 2024 9:40 PM
Separation Techniques - Chromatography
Technique/Category Paper Chromatography Thin Layer Chromatography Column Chromatography High Pressure Liquid Chrom. (HPLC) Gas Chromatography
Stationary Phase Cellulose (solid) Silica on glass/plastic/aluminium (solid) Silica gel (solid) Silica/alumina filled HPLC column (solid) Polymer filled GC column(liquid)
Mobile Phase Water (liquid) Ethyl acetate (liquid) Ethyl acetate (liquid) Ethyl acetate (liquid) Argon (inert gas/carrier gas)
Important Retention factor = distance to component/distance Retention factor = distance to component/distance to Retention time = time when sample is injected into Retention time = time when sample is injected into Retention time = time when sample is injected into column
Calculations to solvent front solvent front column until it is eluted column until it is eluted until it is eluted
*cannot be more than 1. *cannot be more than 1.
Functional Diagram
How it separates Stationary phase is POLAR (-OH group) Stationary phase is POLAR (hydroxyl groups) Stationary phase is POLAR (hydroxyl groups) Stationary phase is POLAR (hydroxyl groups) Stationary phase is POLAR (uneven electron distribution)
Polar compounds in sample → ATTRACTED Polar compounds in sample → ATTRACTED Polar compounds in sample → ATTRACTED Polar compounds in sample → ATTRACTED Polar compounds in sample → ATTRACTED
- Sticks to stationary phase, slowing down - Sticks to stationary phase, slowing down - Sticks to stationary phase, slowing down - Sticks to stationary phase, slowing down - Sticks to stationary phase, slowing down
Non-polar compounds in sample → NOT ATTRACTED Non-polar compounds in sample → NOT ATTRACTED Non-polar compounds in sample → NOT ATTRACTED Non-polar compounds in sample → NOT ATTRACTED Non-polar compounds in sample → NOT ATTRACTED
- Don't stick to stationary phase, moves faster - Don't stick to stationary phase, moves faster - Don't stick to stationary phase, moves faster - Don't stick to stationary phase, moves faster - Don't stick to stationary phase, moves faster
- With the help of gravity (pulls down) - With the help of pressure (pushes out) - With the help of pressure (pushes out)
Calibration Graph
UV-Visible Spectroscopy
Uses UV-Visible regions to calibrate a graph of known samples concentration against absorbance values, then comparing and identifying the concentration of unknown sample using absorbance value.
Machine used: UV-Visible Spectrophotometer
Monochromator selects the wavelength most suitable to pass through sample → detector measures the absorbance to display a value
Plot a graph of concentration of known samples (x-axis) against the respective absorbance value (y-axis)
* Can be used for both organic and inorganic compounds
Identifying Compounds
Technique/Category Mass Spectroscopy Infra-red Spectroscopy Carbon-13 NMR Spectroscopy Proton NMR Spectroscopy
Uses Determines: Determines: Determines: Determines:
1. Different isotopes 1. Functional group(s) present in a compound 1. The structure of different molecules 1. The structure of different molecules
2. Molecular masses
3. Some structural info about compounds
Functional Diagram
Chromatogram Chlorobenzene Chloroethane
Peaks 1. Largest peak from the right represents the molecular mass of 1. Area under the peak represents the amount/quantity of the functional groups 1. Only exists as singlets. 1. Exists as singlet and multiplets
the ion of the compound present 2. Identifies the number of chemical environments the carbon atoms 2. Identifies the number of hydrogen attached to the neighbouring
2. The other more significant peaks/larger relative intensity 2. Different peaks at wavenumbers represents one type of functional group are in carbon + extra 1 in the same chemical environment to form the spectrum
might be isotopes of the element in the compound that exists (support with reasoning)
either more prominently or less prominently
Important Information n/a n/a n/a
Study Area 2 Page 1
