NUR 242 Exam One
What is pharmacology? - ANS study of drugs that alter functions of living organisms
What is pharmacokinetics? - ANS the study of how the drugs move within the body to reach
sites of action, metabolism, and excretion
What is absorption? - ANS the process that occurs from the time the drug enters the
bloodstream. Onset of drug action is determined by rate.
What factors affect rate and extent of drug absorption? SATA - ANS dosage, form, route
admin site blood flow, GI function
presence of food, other drugs
What is distribution? - ANS transport of drugs in the body
What carries drugs and where to? - ANS blood and tissue fluids to action sites, metabolism
sites, excretion sites
What affects distribution? - ANS protein binding: drugs bind to act as carriers
blood-brain barrier: extremely small to cross
pregnancy - placenta
lactation - many drugs enter the breast milk
what is metabolism? - ANS the way the drugs are inactivated by the body (cytochrome P-450
enzyme pathway)
what are drugs changed to when metabolized? - ANS inactive metabolites
active metabolites
pro drugs - drugs that are inactive until metabolized
where are drug metabolizing enzymes located - ANS kidney, liver, RBCs, plasma, lungs, GI
mucosa
What are factors that affect metabolism? - ANS enzyme induction - chronic administration
promotes the liver to produce larger amounts of the enzyme and accelerates metabolism
enzyme inhibition that occurs when two drugs are being given at the same time that utilize the
same enzyme
what is excretin - ANS elimination from the body
what is the margin of safety for a drug? - ANS therapeutic index of the drug
, what is required for excretion? - ANS adequate function of the circulatory system, kidneys
bowel, lungs, and skin
what is polypharmacy? - ANS taking multiple drugs; puts individuals at risk for drug interactions
what does it make someone more susceptible to if they're 85 with kidney problems? - ANS drug
toxicity
what is a drugs "half life" - ANS the time it takes fo half of the drug to be eliminated from the
body
what is the order/sequence of pharmacokinetics? - ANS absorption, distribution, metabolism,
excretion
what organ does a lot of metabolizing? - ANS kidney
what is a schedule I drug? - ANS has no acceptable medical use, high potential for abuse (i.e.
heroine, LSD)
what is a schedule II drug? - ANS narcotics or stimulants with high potential for abuse
(oxycodone, morphine, adderall)
what is a schedule III drug? - ANS less potential for abuse (Tylenol with codeine, anabolic
steroids)
what is a schedule IV drug? - ANS has lower potential for abuse (versed, Xanax)
what is a schedule V drug? - ANS preparations that have limited quantities of narcotics
what is synergism? - ANS two drugs with different actions create a greater effect (i.e.
acetaminophen + opioids)
What are the patient-related variables? SATA - ANS age, body weight
genetics, ethnicity, gender
pharmacogenetics (study of genetic drug response)
pathological conditions
psychological considerations (placebo response)
tolerance and cross tolerance (body becomes accustomed to the drug - uses same enzyme)
What are the side effects of donepezil? SATA - ANS dizziness, breathing problems.
hypotension, hypertension
headache, depression, vertigo and insomnia. Fainting, cardiac arrhythmia, seizures, rash,
fatigue, dark urine, mental changes, UTI
What is pharmacology? - ANS study of drugs that alter functions of living organisms
What is pharmacokinetics? - ANS the study of how the drugs move within the body to reach
sites of action, metabolism, and excretion
What is absorption? - ANS the process that occurs from the time the drug enters the
bloodstream. Onset of drug action is determined by rate.
What factors affect rate and extent of drug absorption? SATA - ANS dosage, form, route
admin site blood flow, GI function
presence of food, other drugs
What is distribution? - ANS transport of drugs in the body
What carries drugs and where to? - ANS blood and tissue fluids to action sites, metabolism
sites, excretion sites
What affects distribution? - ANS protein binding: drugs bind to act as carriers
blood-brain barrier: extremely small to cross
pregnancy - placenta
lactation - many drugs enter the breast milk
what is metabolism? - ANS the way the drugs are inactivated by the body (cytochrome P-450
enzyme pathway)
what are drugs changed to when metabolized? - ANS inactive metabolites
active metabolites
pro drugs - drugs that are inactive until metabolized
where are drug metabolizing enzymes located - ANS kidney, liver, RBCs, plasma, lungs, GI
mucosa
What are factors that affect metabolism? - ANS enzyme induction - chronic administration
promotes the liver to produce larger amounts of the enzyme and accelerates metabolism
enzyme inhibition that occurs when two drugs are being given at the same time that utilize the
same enzyme
what is excretin - ANS elimination from the body
what is the margin of safety for a drug? - ANS therapeutic index of the drug
, what is required for excretion? - ANS adequate function of the circulatory system, kidneys
bowel, lungs, and skin
what is polypharmacy? - ANS taking multiple drugs; puts individuals at risk for drug interactions
what does it make someone more susceptible to if they're 85 with kidney problems? - ANS drug
toxicity
what is a drugs "half life" - ANS the time it takes fo half of the drug to be eliminated from the
body
what is the order/sequence of pharmacokinetics? - ANS absorption, distribution, metabolism,
excretion
what organ does a lot of metabolizing? - ANS kidney
what is a schedule I drug? - ANS has no acceptable medical use, high potential for abuse (i.e.
heroine, LSD)
what is a schedule II drug? - ANS narcotics or stimulants with high potential for abuse
(oxycodone, morphine, adderall)
what is a schedule III drug? - ANS less potential for abuse (Tylenol with codeine, anabolic
steroids)
what is a schedule IV drug? - ANS has lower potential for abuse (versed, Xanax)
what is a schedule V drug? - ANS preparations that have limited quantities of narcotics
what is synergism? - ANS two drugs with different actions create a greater effect (i.e.
acetaminophen + opioids)
What are the patient-related variables? SATA - ANS age, body weight
genetics, ethnicity, gender
pharmacogenetics (study of genetic drug response)
pathological conditions
psychological considerations (placebo response)
tolerance and cross tolerance (body becomes accustomed to the drug - uses same enzyme)
What are the side effects of donepezil? SATA - ANS dizziness, breathing problems.
hypotension, hypertension
headache, depression, vertigo and insomnia. Fainting, cardiac arrhythmia, seizures, rash,
fatigue, dark urine, mental changes, UTI
