Nur611 Exam 1 – with 153 Questions and Proper
Answers 2024/2025
1. Nucleus: contains the nucleolus, a small dense structure composed
largely of RNA, most of the cellular DNA, and the DNA-binding proteins,
the histones, that regulate its activity
2. What 4 elements is DNA composed of?: 1) deoxyribose phosphate
molecule 2) pyrimidine bases
3) purine bases
4) hydrogen bonds (stabilize the helix through large numbers)
3. what are Ribosomes?: RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that are
synthesized in the nucleolus and secreted into the cytoplasm through pores in the nuclear
envelope called nuclear pore complexes (NPCs)
4. What is the chief function of Ribosomes: Chief function of ribosomes is to
provide sites for cellular protein synthesis
5. Golgi Complex: -network of flattened, smooth membranes and vesicles frequently
located near the nucleus of the cell.
-Proteins from the ER are processed and packaged into small membrane-bound sacs or
vesicles called secretory vesicles. - refining plant and directs traffic into the cell.
6. Lysosomes: maintain cellular health
- efficient removal of toxic cellular components
-if damaged, will release and cause AUTODIGESTION
-removal of useless organelles
- signals cellular adaptation
7. what do Peroxisomes contain?: hydrogen peroxide and other oxygen reactive species
8. Mitochondria: - responsible for cellular respiration and energy production.
-THINK ATP (energy) - ATP functions as the energy-transferring molecule.
- urea and heme synthesis
9. How does a virus get into a cell?: -through trickery!
-attaches to the cell and release and enzyme to facilitate entrance to the cell
-also by bacteria and parasites
10. Diffusion: passive process by which molecules move from an area of high
concentration to an area of low concentration
11. facilitated diffusion: -needs help to enter the cell
- ex: insulin attaches to a receptor to let glucose in
, 12. Active transport: -movement of a solute molecule from an area of low
concentration to an area of high concentration - going against the gradient needs
energy
13. What cells in our body cannot reproduce?: neurons, heart cells, skeletal muscle
cells, red blood cells
-they do not reproduce or transform, but some can be created by the body
14. Main types of cell death?: apoptosis and necrosis
15. apoptosis: a cell death that is regulated or programmed. Cellular self-destruction for
elimination of unwanted cell populations
16. Necrosis: characterized by rapid loss of the plasma membrane structure, organelle
swelling, mitochondrial dysfunction
17. #1 major cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis: hypoxia
18. atrophy: cell shrinks - decreased size
19. Normal atrophy: physiologic atrophy
20. Effects of ischemia on cellular metabolism: a reduction of ATP levels causes the
plasma membrane's sodium-potassium pump and sodium-calcium exhange to fail,
which leads to intracellular accumulation of sodium and calcium and diffusion of
potassium out of the cell. sodium and water then can center the cell freely and
cellular swelling results
21. pathologic atrohy: occurs as a result of of decrease in workload, use, pressure,
blood supply, nutrition, and hormonal stimulation
22. hypertophy: increase in size of cell
23. Hyperplasia: increase in number of cells compensatory (liver) or pathalogical
24. metaplasia: replacement of cells with a different type
25. Free Radical: an electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having an unpaired
electron. this unpaired electron makes the molecule unstable; thus to stabilize, it
gives up an electron to another molecule or steals one. Thus, it is capable of of
injurious chemical bond formation with proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates - key
molecules in membranes and nucleic acids.
26. Ethanol and cellular injury: in chronic alcoholism liver enzymes metabolize
ethanol to acetaldehyde, which causes hepatic cellular dysfunction
27. Fats/Lipids and cellular injury: high levels of fat in blood is not detoxified by
liver and fats deposits in the liver - affects liver function - non-alcoholic fatty liver
disease (common in diabetics and obese individuals)
28. Radiation and cellular injury: main mechanism of damage to DNA (VERY
BAD!!) by ionizing radiation is from the generation of reactive oxygen species from
reactions with free radicals
Answers 2024/2025
1. Nucleus: contains the nucleolus, a small dense structure composed
largely of RNA, most of the cellular DNA, and the DNA-binding proteins,
the histones, that regulate its activity
2. What 4 elements is DNA composed of?: 1) deoxyribose phosphate
molecule 2) pyrimidine bases
3) purine bases
4) hydrogen bonds (stabilize the helix through large numbers)
3. what are Ribosomes?: RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that are
synthesized in the nucleolus and secreted into the cytoplasm through pores in the nuclear
envelope called nuclear pore complexes (NPCs)
4. What is the chief function of Ribosomes: Chief function of ribosomes is to
provide sites for cellular protein synthesis
5. Golgi Complex: -network of flattened, smooth membranes and vesicles frequently
located near the nucleus of the cell.
-Proteins from the ER are processed and packaged into small membrane-bound sacs or
vesicles called secretory vesicles. - refining plant and directs traffic into the cell.
6. Lysosomes: maintain cellular health
- efficient removal of toxic cellular components
-if damaged, will release and cause AUTODIGESTION
-removal of useless organelles
- signals cellular adaptation
7. what do Peroxisomes contain?: hydrogen peroxide and other oxygen reactive species
8. Mitochondria: - responsible for cellular respiration and energy production.
-THINK ATP (energy) - ATP functions as the energy-transferring molecule.
- urea and heme synthesis
9. How does a virus get into a cell?: -through trickery!
-attaches to the cell and release and enzyme to facilitate entrance to the cell
-also by bacteria and parasites
10. Diffusion: passive process by which molecules move from an area of high
concentration to an area of low concentration
11. facilitated diffusion: -needs help to enter the cell
- ex: insulin attaches to a receptor to let glucose in
, 12. Active transport: -movement of a solute molecule from an area of low
concentration to an area of high concentration - going against the gradient needs
energy
13. What cells in our body cannot reproduce?: neurons, heart cells, skeletal muscle
cells, red blood cells
-they do not reproduce or transform, but some can be created by the body
14. Main types of cell death?: apoptosis and necrosis
15. apoptosis: a cell death that is regulated or programmed. Cellular self-destruction for
elimination of unwanted cell populations
16. Necrosis: characterized by rapid loss of the plasma membrane structure, organelle
swelling, mitochondrial dysfunction
17. #1 major cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis: hypoxia
18. atrophy: cell shrinks - decreased size
19. Normal atrophy: physiologic atrophy
20. Effects of ischemia on cellular metabolism: a reduction of ATP levels causes the
plasma membrane's sodium-potassium pump and sodium-calcium exhange to fail,
which leads to intracellular accumulation of sodium and calcium and diffusion of
potassium out of the cell. sodium and water then can center the cell freely and
cellular swelling results
21. pathologic atrohy: occurs as a result of of decrease in workload, use, pressure,
blood supply, nutrition, and hormonal stimulation
22. hypertophy: increase in size of cell
23. Hyperplasia: increase in number of cells compensatory (liver) or pathalogical
24. metaplasia: replacement of cells with a different type
25. Free Radical: an electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having an unpaired
electron. this unpaired electron makes the molecule unstable; thus to stabilize, it
gives up an electron to another molecule or steals one. Thus, it is capable of of
injurious chemical bond formation with proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates - key
molecules in membranes and nucleic acids.
26. Ethanol and cellular injury: in chronic alcoholism liver enzymes metabolize
ethanol to acetaldehyde, which causes hepatic cellular dysfunction
27. Fats/Lipids and cellular injury: high levels of fat in blood is not detoxified by
liver and fats deposits in the liver - affects liver function - non-alcoholic fatty liver
disease (common in diabetics and obese individuals)
28. Radiation and cellular injury: main mechanism of damage to DNA (VERY
BAD!!) by ionizing radiation is from the generation of reactive oxygen species from
reactions with free radicals
