Nur611 Exam 1 With 80 Questions And Proper
Answers 2024/2025
1. Atrophy: decrease in cell size caused by loss of subcellular organelles and substances
2. physiologic atrophy: normal: reabsorption or breakdown of tissues
-Thymus gland
3. pathological atrophy: due to an abnormal stressor: disease or loss of trophic support
-bed rest/mobility prevents muscle atrophy
4. hypertrophy: increase in cell size: increase in size of organs
5. Physiologic hypertrophy: normal growth of children or muscles in athletes
6. pathological hypertrophy: induced by factors like prolonged or abnormal stress -
HTN: monocyte cell increases
7. hyperplasia: increase in number of cells, in normal organ and tissue
8. physiological hyperplasia (compensatory): increase in size of breasts during
pregnancy, endometrium thickening during menstruation, liver regeneration
9. pathological hyperplasia: endometriosis
10. metaplasia: replacement of cells/transformation of one cell type to another
-smoking changes noormal columnar ciliated epithelial cells to stratified squamous
epithelial cells
11. apoptosis: (physiological) death of cells which occurs as a normal controlled part of
an organism's growth or development
-extti RBC getting old, recycling iron, inflammatory process: dismantling of neutrophils
12. necrosis: death of cells through disease or injury (cellular death)
13. irreversible necrosis: MI r/t arteriosclerosis
14. #1 cause of cellular injury: hypoxia
15. mitochondria: all about the ATP
16. lysosomes: digestive system of the cells
-exzymatic digestion of cellular organelles, halts synthesis of DNA and RNA
17. ethanol: toxin to the body: chronic alc abuse
-liver enzymes metabolize ethanol to acetaldehyde causing hepatic dysfunction
18. peroxisomes: help to detoxify ethanol, if not working, ethanol turns to fat (fatty
liver)
19. sarcopenia/muscular atrophy:
1/5
, 20. Nucleus: The nucleus controls and regulates the activities of the cell (e.g., growth
and metabolism) and carries the genes, structures that contain the hereditary
information.
21. Ribosomes: serves as the site for protein synthesis in the cell. The ribosome reads
the sequence of the messenger RNA (mRNA) and, using the genetic code, translates
the sequence of RNA bases into a sequence of amino acids.
22. Mitochondria: generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell's
biochemical reactions. Chemical energy produced by the mitochondria is stored in a
small molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
23. Lysosomes: Uses chemicals to break down food and worn out cell parts with
hydrolase
24. Peroxisomes: Contain oxidase enzymes that detoxify hydrogen, alcohol, hydrogen
peroxide, and other harmful chemicals
25. oxidative phosphorylation: The production of ATP using energy derived from the
redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of cellular
respiration.
26. resting membrane potential: -70-85 millivolts
27. tight junction: barriers to diffusion, prevent movement of substances, prevent
leakage of
28. hypotonic: Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution, water...cell
swells
29. isotonic: 0.9%saline and 5% dextrose, maintains homeostasis
30. hypertonic: Having a higher concentration of solute than another solution, 3-5%
saline, shrinks a cell
31. pathological change: abnormal conditions caused by the disease processes resulting
in structural and functional changes in cells/tissues
32. physiological change: A change in the normal function of a living organism
33. ischemia: Lack of blood supply
34. necrosis: cell death involving swelling and breakdown of organelles, rapid loss of
plama membrane and mitochondria dysfunction
35. hypoxia: most common cause of cell injury
36. somatic death: entire person passes away
37. oxidative stress: disturbance between ROS and antioxidant defenses
-causes cell injury, cancer, and degenerative diseases
38. mutation: inherited alteration of genetic material
2/5
Answers 2024/2025
1. Atrophy: decrease in cell size caused by loss of subcellular organelles and substances
2. physiologic atrophy: normal: reabsorption or breakdown of tissues
-Thymus gland
3. pathological atrophy: due to an abnormal stressor: disease or loss of trophic support
-bed rest/mobility prevents muscle atrophy
4. hypertrophy: increase in cell size: increase in size of organs
5. Physiologic hypertrophy: normal growth of children or muscles in athletes
6. pathological hypertrophy: induced by factors like prolonged or abnormal stress -
HTN: monocyte cell increases
7. hyperplasia: increase in number of cells, in normal organ and tissue
8. physiological hyperplasia (compensatory): increase in size of breasts during
pregnancy, endometrium thickening during menstruation, liver regeneration
9. pathological hyperplasia: endometriosis
10. metaplasia: replacement of cells/transformation of one cell type to another
-smoking changes noormal columnar ciliated epithelial cells to stratified squamous
epithelial cells
11. apoptosis: (physiological) death of cells which occurs as a normal controlled part of
an organism's growth or development
-extti RBC getting old, recycling iron, inflammatory process: dismantling of neutrophils
12. necrosis: death of cells through disease or injury (cellular death)
13. irreversible necrosis: MI r/t arteriosclerosis
14. #1 cause of cellular injury: hypoxia
15. mitochondria: all about the ATP
16. lysosomes: digestive system of the cells
-exzymatic digestion of cellular organelles, halts synthesis of DNA and RNA
17. ethanol: toxin to the body: chronic alc abuse
-liver enzymes metabolize ethanol to acetaldehyde causing hepatic dysfunction
18. peroxisomes: help to detoxify ethanol, if not working, ethanol turns to fat (fatty
liver)
19. sarcopenia/muscular atrophy:
1/5
, 20. Nucleus: The nucleus controls and regulates the activities of the cell (e.g., growth
and metabolism) and carries the genes, structures that contain the hereditary
information.
21. Ribosomes: serves as the site for protein synthesis in the cell. The ribosome reads
the sequence of the messenger RNA (mRNA) and, using the genetic code, translates
the sequence of RNA bases into a sequence of amino acids.
22. Mitochondria: generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell's
biochemical reactions. Chemical energy produced by the mitochondria is stored in a
small molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
23. Lysosomes: Uses chemicals to break down food and worn out cell parts with
hydrolase
24. Peroxisomes: Contain oxidase enzymes that detoxify hydrogen, alcohol, hydrogen
peroxide, and other harmful chemicals
25. oxidative phosphorylation: The production of ATP using energy derived from the
redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of cellular
respiration.
26. resting membrane potential: -70-85 millivolts
27. tight junction: barriers to diffusion, prevent movement of substances, prevent
leakage of
28. hypotonic: Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution, water...cell
swells
29. isotonic: 0.9%saline and 5% dextrose, maintains homeostasis
30. hypertonic: Having a higher concentration of solute than another solution, 3-5%
saline, shrinks a cell
31. pathological change: abnormal conditions caused by the disease processes resulting
in structural and functional changes in cells/tissues
32. physiological change: A change in the normal function of a living organism
33. ischemia: Lack of blood supply
34. necrosis: cell death involving swelling and breakdown of organelles, rapid loss of
plama membrane and mitochondria dysfunction
35. hypoxia: most common cause of cell injury
36. somatic death: entire person passes away
37. oxidative stress: disturbance between ROS and antioxidant defenses
-causes cell injury, cancer, and degenerative diseases
38. mutation: inherited alteration of genetic material
2/5
