Psychology 309 Final Exam | Questions and Answers

Psychology 309 Final Exam | Questions and Answers Which are single instances or examples that have often further the field of psychological science? case studies A researcher who asks questions related to conformity and prejudice likely studies which aspect of social psychology? social influence Which term refers to life circumstances that influence our thoughts and behaviors? Nurture Lewin's equation shows that which two factors influence individual behaviors? personality and environment A study tries to determine whether students rely on evidence or gut-instinct when making career decisions. Which important social psychological question does this study explore? Do people think logically or intuitively? A researcher who is interested in romantic relationships would study which aspect of social psychology? social behavior Research examining whether violent television shows makes children more violent is an example of a study that seeks to explore which important social psychological question how do media outlets shape our thoughts and behaviors? Random assignment to groups helps to ensure that _____. only a single difference exists between experiment groups Which experimental technique asks people for their personal, hidden views? Survey Which of the following experimental techniques applies new analysis to data that was originally collected for a different purpose? archival research What describes the ability to analyze and explore new ideas in an open-minded way? critical thinking Experiments isolate which of the following better than any other research method? casual variables In a single-blind study, who of the following is unaware of what group the participants are in? Participants How do single-blind and double-blind experiments isolate causal variables? by removing potential research bias Considering how you might have responded as a participant of a certain social psychological experiment is an example of which idea? Applying concepts of social psychology to your own life A researcher who is interested in how each person defines himself or herself studies which aspect of social psychology? social thinking Which term refers to biological or physiological influences on our thoughts and behaviors? Nature Making sure that researchers come from different backgrounds is a way to help advance _____ in social psychology. Diversity As a part of your research, you would like to discover how certain behaviors occur in their natural environment. Which experimental technique would be the best to use? observational study Social psychology is different from clinical psychology because clinical psychology primarily focuses on which of the following? the unhealthy patterns of abnormal behavior The role of institutional review boards is to guarantee what? adherence to ethics Which of the following is the correct order of the scientific method? observe, form a hypothesis, test a hypothesis, interpret the results Which is a specific statement of what you will believe will happen in an experiment? Hypothesis A study finds that there is no connection between safety training and the number of injuries suffered in a factory. Which correlation coefficient would best represent this finding? -.08 Which of the following correlation coefficients is strongest? -.89 A graduate student working for the researcher pretends to drop envelopes in order to study who will help pick them up. Why is this deception allowed? Because knowing the student is part of a research project might change the responses of participants. Defining aggression as hitting, pushing, or shouting is an example of what? Operationalization Which is the best way to begin scientific research? observe a behavior pattern Which is an example of a positive correlation? As the number of cigarettes smoked increases, so does the likelihood of developing lung cancer. Which of the following should be included in a study debriefing? explanation of deception Which is a similarity between archival studies and naturalistic observation? Neither require direct interaction with participants. Which of the following is a benefit of archival research? There is little data collection work because the information has already been collected. Which type of research is most likely to have problems with generalizability? case study Which of the following p values is statistically significant? .04 Which best illustrates a negative correlation? As the number of oysters decreases, the number of pearls decreases. Which type of research is best at establishing causality? true experiment Which best illustrates a correlation? As the temperature rises, so does iced tea consumption. Before choosing which experiment condition a participant belongs in, the researcher flips a coin. What is the researcher likely doing? randomly assigning the participant to a condition Why should constructs be operationalized? So that variables are specific enough to be measured. Many psychological studies lack ethnic diversity. This decreases what? Reliability Asking oneself the question "Am I of worth?" is an example of______. self esteem Which of the following proposes that a slight distortion of reality can be healthy? optimal margin theory Self-perception theory proposes that we form our self-concept through which action? observing our own behaviors Which of the following is a test of self-awareness? mirror self-recognition test Which of the following is emphasized in Western cultures, including the United States? independent self-construal Which of the following refers to memory structures that summarize and organize our beliefs about self-relevant information? self schemas What occurs when our three versions of self to not align? self discrepancy There is increasing evidence that simply boosting self-esteem will do which of the following? lead to narcissism The question "Who am I?" refers to which of the following? self concept In which research context is the Inclusion of the Other in the Self (IOS) Scale most commonly used? study of romantic partners Endorsing someone else's values to gain their favor describes which term? opinion conformity Charles Darwin's study of self-awareness began with naturalistic observation of which of the following? his child According to self-expansion theory, which of the following expands our self-concept? engaging in close social relationships Who you are right now would be considered which of the following? actual self Which of the following refers to the self we would like to become? ideal self The case of Phineas Gage was one of the first to show that self-insight is tied to which of the following? certain regions of the brain Which of the following proposes that we all have a basic motivation to grow and improve our self-concept? self expansion theory Which of the following describes subjective age? how old we are compared to how old we feel How we think about ourselves ______. changes over time Which of the following is thought of as an early sign of self-awareness in humans? Imitating What is a mental shortcut that makes it easier to solve difficult problems? Heuristic Which of the following statements would indicate a low need for cognition? It's enough for me that something gets the job done; I don't care how or why it works. A defined, step-by-step process that leads to one correct answer is what type of problem-solving approach? Algorithm What is it called when we imagine past events that would have led to a different future (positive or negative)? counterfactual thinking Which is the best example of a stereotype? rural voters are always the most conservative In which situation is logic most likely to be used? constructing a business plan Bargh, Chen, and Burrows (1996) found that students presented with lists of rude words were more likely to interrupt conversations. Which best explains this reaction? Priming Which of the following is the best example of outgroup homogeneity? all Cubs fans are obnoxious What is the ability to know something quickly and automatically? Intuition Which of the following is the best example of individualism? Kelly strives for his artwork to be strange and unusual. What enables humans to reason, think systematically, and carefully consider evidence? Logic In the text's example of family memory sharing, what value was the European-American mother likely to emphasize? Individualism Which of the following statements would indicate a high need for cognition? I prefer complex to simple problems What is the study of how people combine intuition and logic to process social information? social cognition Sgt. Tierney experienced a "danger feeling" and ordered his men back without knowing why. Tierney used what skill? Intuition What is the simplest answer that explains the most evidence? principle of parsimony Which situation is likely to put the greatest stress on cognitive load? taking a chemistry exam We are more likely to assume a name is that of a famous person if we have heard it multiple times. Which concept best describes why this happens? availability heuristic Which type of mental guides common social behaviors and expectations for particular types of events? Script "To Thine own self be true" is an endorsement of what? Individualism Sharing information through body language, tone of voice, and facial expressions is an example of ______. nonverbal communication What is making the idea of death more psychologically available called? mortality salience Confusion over why someone treats you in a particular way is called ______. Attributional ambiguity Which is the belief that people usually get what they deserve? just world hypothesis The "run" on the bank mentioned in the text is an example of how panic may lead to ______. self-fulfilling prophecy Certain facial expressions seem to be expressed across cultures. This is known as ______. universality hypothesis What is the belief that we are more unique than others when it comes to socially desirable traits? false uniqueness bias What is the belief that your life is controlled by fate? external locus of control What is the concept that much of our lives are shaped by fear of death? terror management theory What are our understandings of other people called? person perceptions Which is an attribution type that is also called situational? External What is the term for displaying contradictory emotions? affect blend What is a genuine smile called? Duchenne smile What is the belief that you are mostly in control of your own life? internal locus of control Which is an attribution type that is also called dispositional? Internal Which best describes nonverbal communication that conveys widely shared social impressions? Culturemes A smirk that appears when people feel they have successfully deceived someone is known as ______. duping delight Whenever concealed emotions are expressed through automatic muscle responses, this is known as ______. facial leakage Which of the following is a universal expression? Fear What is the tendency to overestimate the influence of personality and underestimate the power of the situation? fundamental attribution error What is the proposition that we learn attitudes by observing and imitating others? social learning theory Which test uses reaction time to measure unconscious associations? IAT Behavior shaped by punishment and rewards is known as ______. operant conditioning What is a bogus pipeline? a fake lie detector Arguments that rely on logical reasoning follow what path to persuasion? Central Bruce is an expert detective and also very handsome. Which peripheral factor will enhance his perceived crime fighting ability? physical attractiveness What is the proposition that the link between attitudes and behaviors is stronger when the attitude and the behavior are measured at the same level of detail? specificity principle Having a good enough reason to behave in a certain way is known as ______. sufficient justification The Strack, Martin, & Stepper (1988) study found that we infer our emotions from what our face is doing. This is known as ______. facial feedback hypothesis Arguments that rely on heuristics and other mental shortcuts follow what path to persuasion? Peripheral ______ are always based on controlled, conscious beliefs. explicit attitudes A researcher pretending to be a participant is known as ______. Confederate ______ are always based on automatic, unconscious beliefs. implicit beliefs The process through which people find a partner who is similar to themselves is called ______. assortative mating What is the state of psychological discomfort that occurs when we try to maintain conflicting beliefs and behaviors? cognitive dissonance Which model proposes a direct and peripheral route to persuasion? elaboration likelihood model (ELM) When a belief is judged as positive or negative, it becomes ______. evaluative belief What is having contrasting beliefs about the same thing? dual attitudes What are attitudes directed toward? attitude object Factors related to accuracy and honesty are dealing with ______. Credibility What did researchers find when they placed a mirror in the room facing students? they were less likely to cheat Which of the following is the best example of conformity? going shopping to buy the boots currently popular at your school Which is an example of social contagion? Five kids sit sideways on a school bus. Soon most of the kids are doing the same. In the Johnson and Downing uniform study, which condition led to the greatest number of antisocial behaviors? KKK uniform with no tag What were participants initially told that the Milgram studies were investigating? Memory In the Milgram studies, in which situation did "teachers" have the lowest levels of obedience? watching two confederate "teachers" rebel What are rules that indicate how people are expected to behave in particular social situations? social norms Which is the best example of obedience? a student cleaning the chalkboard when told by his teacher What is the best example of someone violating a social role? a 90-year-old woman wearing a bikini This refers to the loss of individuality that occurs when self-awareness is replaced by a social role or a group identity. Deindividuation What was the seeming method of punishment in the famous Milgram experiments? electric shock Which terms describes when you voluntarily change your behavior to imitate the behavior of your peers? Conformity What is it called when we are uncertain about a correct behavior and voluntarily conform to group standards? informational social influence In Milgram's first shock experiment, what percentage of Yale students used the maximum voltage? 0.65