BUAD 309 Chapter 9 | Complete Solutions (Verified)

BUAD 309 Chapter 9 | Complete Solutions (Verified) Which of the following is true with regard to groups? A) A group is characterized by the independence of its members. B) A group typically lacks definite roles and structures. C) A group influences our emotional reactions. D) An informal gathering cannot be considered a group. E) The membership of a group does not affect how its members treat outsiders. Our tendency to take personal pride or offense for the accomplishments of a group is the territory of social identity theory. Social identity theory proposes that people have emotional reactions to the failure or success of their group because their self-esteem gets tied into the group's performance. Which of the following is true regarding formal groups? A) They are natural formations that arise in response to the need for social contact. B) They lack clearly defined structures and roles for their members. C) They have negligible impact on employee performance and behavior. D) A group of people who come together to protest against a new law make up a formal group. E) They are marked by stipulated behaviors in pursuit of organizational goals. A formal group is one that is defined by the organization's structure, with designated work assignments establishing tasks. In formal groups, the behaviors team members should engage in are stipulated by and directed toward organizational goals. An informal group is characterized by the ________. A) stipulation of expected behaviors by the organization B) predetermined designation of tasks of members. C) pursuit of particular organizational goals. D) fulfillment of the need for social contact E) creation of timelines and rationale An informal group is neither formally structured nor organizationally determined. Informal groups are natural formations in the work environment that appear in response to the need for social contact. Which of the following differentiates between formal and informal groups? A) The timeline of reference for formal groups is greater than that for informal groups. B) The impact of formal groups on organizational performance is lesser than that of informal groups. C) Formal groups pursue the goal of social contact, while informal groups have definite organizational goals to attain. D) Formal groups are typically smaller in size when compared to informal groups. E) Formal groups involve clearly defined tasks and roles, while informal groups are neither formally structured nor organizationally determined. A formal group is one that is defined by the organization's structure, with designated work assignments establishing tasks. An informal group is neither formally structured nor organizationally determined. Our tendency to take personal pride or offense for the accomplishments of a group we are a part of, is the territory of the ________ theory. A) social exchange B) expectancy C) social identity D) reinforcement E) equity Our tendency to take personal pride or offense for the accomplishments of a group is the territory of social identity theory. Which of the following is true with regard to the social identity theory? A) It proposes that members take personal pride in accomplishments but dissociate from the group in the event of any offenses or failures. B) It proposes that people have emotional reactions to the failure or success of their group because their self-esteem is tied into the group's performance. C) It proposes that people develop only one social identity in childhood that becomes more defined and concrete in the course of their lives. D) It proposes that social identities can never be detrimental as they have no effect on how members of an in-group view members of an out-group. E) It proposes that members of an in-group are viewed as being homogenous, while members of an out-group are seen as being heterogeneous. Social identity theory proposes that people have emotional reactions to the failure or success of their group because their self-esteem gets tied into the group's performance. ________ is defined as the tendency to see members of the group of which we are a part of as better than other people. A) In-group homogeneity B) Xenocentrism C) In-group favoritism D) Black sheep effect E) Hindsight bias In-group favoritism means we see members of our in-group as better than other people, and people not in our group as all the same. At Milton farms, where a large part of the management comes from the same sociocultural background, many employees of diverse ethical or cultural origins are hired only to ensure legal compliance with laws relating to diversity at the workplace. The company's day-to-day functioning leaves much to be desired in terms of promoting diversity. Recently, the owner's cousin was promoted to the post of a branch manager while three suitable candidates hailing from a different cultures were blatantly overlooked. This is an example of ________. A) social loafing B) in-group favoritism C) groupthink D) contrast bias E) social exchange In-group favoritism means we see members of our in-group as better than other people, and people not in our group as all the same. Aaron Dias was working on the last shift for the day at All Needs, a retail store owned by an Asian man, when he opened the cash register and stole some money thinking that nobody would witness him stealing. However, one of the customer attendants watched him steal the money and reported it to the manager the next day, following which Aaron was terminated. Subsequently, the manager became extremely strict with all his Caucasian employees and was often heard abusing them saying "you guys are all the same." This scenario depicts ________. A) social loafing B) in-group favoritism C) groupthink D) contrast bias E) social exchange In-group favoritism means we see members of our in-group as better than other people, and people not in our group as all the same. Similarity is a characteristic under the social identity theory that manifests itself in the ________. A) tendency of in-group members to notice and emphasize identities that reflect how different they are from other groups B) tendency of people who have greater uniformity in values and characteristics to have greater group identification as well C) tendency of people to link themselves to high-status groups in an attempt to define themselves favorably D) tendency of people to use the group as a means of understanding who they are and how they fit into the world E) tendency of in-group members to prefer and endorse the products, ideas, and aspects of someone else's culture over their own Similarity is a characteristic under the social identity theory that manifests itself in the fact that people who have the same values or characteristics as other members of their organization have higher levels of group identification. In the context of the social identity theory, distinctiveness refers to the ________. A) tendency of people who have greater uniformity in values and characteristics to have greater identification as well B) tendency of people to link themselves to high-status groups in an attempt to define themselves favorably C) tendency of people to use the group as a means of understanding who they are and how they fit into the world D) tendency of in-group members to prefer and endorse the products, ideas, and aspects of someone else's culture over their own E) tendency of in-group members to notice and emphasize identities that reflect how different they are from other groups In the context of the social identity theory, distinctiveness refers to the tendency of in-group members to notice and emphasize identities that reflect how different they are from other groups. Status is a characteristic under the social identity theory that reflects the ________. A) tendency of people to use the group as a means of understanding who they are and how they fit into the world B) tendency of people who have greater uniformity in values and characteristics to have greater identification as well C) tendency of people to link themselves to groups of higher social standing in an attempt to define themselves favorably D) tendency of in-group members to prefer and endorse the products, ideas, and aspects of someone else's culture over their own E) tendency of in-group members to notice and emphasize identities that reflect how different they are from other groups Status is a characteristic under the social identity theory that reflects the tendency of people to link themselves to groups of higher social standing in an attempt to define themselves favorably. Uncertainty reduction is a dimension of the social identity theory that manifests itself in the ________. A) tendency of people who have greater uniformity in values and characteristics to have greater identification as well B) tendency of people to use the group as a means of understanding who they are and how they fit into the world C) tendency of people to link themselves to groups of higher social standing in an attempt to define themselves favorably D) tendency of in-group members to prefer and endorse the products, ideas, and aspects of someone else's culture over their own E) tendency of in-group members to notice and emphasize identities that reflect how different they are from other groups Uncertainty reduction refers to how membership in a group also helps some people understand who they are and how they fit into the world. Which of the following represents the second stage in the five-stage group development model? A) adjourning B) performing C) storming D) forming E) norming Storming is the second stage in the five-stage group development model. The storming stage is one of intragroup conflict. Members accept the existence of the group but resist the constraints it imposes on individuality. Which of the following stages of the five-stage group development model is characterized by a great deal of uncertainty about the group's purpose, structure, and leadership? A) introduction B) storming C) forming D) evolution E) norming The first stage, forming, is characterized by a great deal of uncertainty about the group's purpose, structure, and leadership. Members "test the waters" to determine what types of behaviors are acceptable. The second stage of the five-stage group development model is characterized by ________. A) uncertainty about the purpose, structure, and leadership of the group B) cohesiveness and close relationships among members of the group C) strong feelings of group identity among members of the group D) intragroup conflict within the group E) pride in the accomplishments of the group The second stage, called the storming stage is one of intragroup conflict. Members accept the existence of the group but resist the constraints it imposes on individuality. There is conflict over who will control the group. By the end of the stage of ________, a relatively clear hierarchy of leadership within the group is established. A) norming B) storming C) forming D) adjourning E) performing The second stage, called the storming stage is one of intragroup conflict. Members accept the existence of the group but resist the constraints it imposes on individuality. There is conflict over who will control the group. When this stage is complete, there will be a relatively clear hierarchy of leadership within the group. During the third stage of group development ________. A) conflicts over leadership are common B) the group demonstrates cohesiveness C) intragroup conflicts occur D) members resist the constraints the group places on them E) groups disband In the third stage, close relationships develop and the group demonstrates cohesiveness. There is now a strong sense of group identity and camaraderie. Which of the following statements is true regarding the norming stage of group development? A) According to the five-stage group development model, this is the second stage in the group development model. B) This stage is characterized by a great deal of uncertainty about the group's purpose, structure, and leadership. C) During this stage, members accept the existence of the group but resist the constraints it imposes on individuality. D) During this stage, the group develops a common set of expectations of what defines correct member behavior. E) During this stage the group completes the task at hand. The norming stage is the third stage in the group development process. In this stage close relationships develop and the group demonstrates cohesiveness. There is now a strong sense of group identity and camaraderie. This norming stage is complete when the group structure solidifies and the group has assimilated a common set of expectations of what defines correct member behavior. When the group energy is focused on the task at hand and the group is fully functional, it is said to be in the stage of ________. A) storming B) norming C) inertia D) forming E) performing The fourth stage of the five-stage group development model is performing. The structure at this point is fully functional and accepted. Group energy has moved from getting to know and understand each other to performing the task at hand. Which of the following statements is most likely to be true regarding the performing stage? A) The performing stage is characterized by a great deal of uncertainty about the group's purpose, structure, and leadership. B) During the performing stage there is conflict over who will control the group. C) The performing stage involves members trying out different behaviors in order to understand which behaviors the group considers acceptable. D) For permanent work groups, performing is the last stage in development. E) During the performing stage, members accept the existence of the group but resist the constraints it imposes on individuality. The fourth stage of the five-stage group development model is performing. The structure at this point is fully functional and accepted. Group energy has moved from getting to know and understand each other to performing the task at hand. For permanent work groups, performing is the last stage in development. Which of the following is true with regard to the five-stage group development model? A) All permanent groups pass through the five stages of this model of group development successively. B) For temporary work teams, the performing stage is the last stage of group development. C) The model assumes that employees are functioning at their most effective level from the first stage. D) A positive social focus may aid a group in reaching the performing stage more rapidly. E) Groups proceed through the stages of group development in similar speed and timelines. Many interpreters of the five-stage model have assumed a group becomes more effective as it progresses through the first four stages. It has been noted that groups proceed through the stages of group development at different rates. Those with a strong sense of purpose and strategy rapidly achieve high performance and improve over time, whereas those with less sense of purpose actually see their performance worsen over time. Similarly, groups that begin with a positive social focus appear to achieve the performing stage more rapidly. Which of the following statements is true with regard to the punctuated-equilibrium model of group development? A) It applies to all permanent work groups. B) It follows the five stages of forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning. C) It does not consider the changes in patterns of group activities in response to deadlines and time constraints. D) It involves the two strategies of groupthink and groupshift to break out of the phases of inertia. E) It characterizes groups as exhibiting long periods of inertia interspersed with brief revolutionary changes. The punctuated-equilibrium model characterizes groups as exhibiting long periods of inertia interspersed with brief revolutionary changes triggered primarily by members' awareness of time and deadlines. Tabby Tolman is a project coordinator at Tristar Solutions. Whenever a new project comes her way, she holds a project meeting and follows it up with repeated meetings to address any concerns the team may have and to monitor their progress. However, with the peak of the business season arriving, she has been holding just one project initiation meeting for every project to save on time. She has become increasingly worried about the team's progress with no inputs coming from the members and she has had no time to check with them. With two weeks left to go for a high priority project of a month's duration, she has now begun to see some work coming through and is relieved. This development reflects that the group is at the stage of ________. A) forming B) inertia following the first meeting C) second phase of inertia before the group's last meeting D) storming E) transition following the halfway mark in the timeline In the punctuated-equilibrium model, a transition takes place exactly when the group has used up half its allotted time and this transition initiates major changes. The first phase of group development for temporary groups involves ________. A) the phase of inertia before transition B) the determination of the group's direction C) the transition to plan the major changes D) a period of accelerated activity E) the adoption of new perspectives In the punctuated-equilibrium model, the first step involves a meeting which sets the group's direction, and then a framework of behavioral patterns and assumptions through which the group will approach its project. The determination of the behavioral patterns and assumptions through which the group approaches the project is a function of the ________ phase in the punctuated-equilibrium model. A) performing B) inertia C) equilibrium D) transition E) first meeting In the punctuated-equilibrium model, the first step involves a meeting which sets the group's direction, and then a framework of behavioral patterns and assumptions through which the group will approach its project. Which of the following represents the major determinants of group development and functioning as depicted by the punctuated-equilibrium model? A) better perspectives and patterns B) group solidarity and collectivist goals C) promotion of diversity D) deadlines and time constraints E) role perception and expectation The punctuated-equilibrium model characterizes groups as exhibiting long periods of inertia interspersed with brief revolutionary changes triggered primarily by members' awareness of time and deadlines which serve as the major determinants of the group structure and dynamics. Role perception is defined as ________. A) the way others believe we should act in a given context B) our view of how we are supposed to act in a given situation C) the existence of roles that are at variance with one another D) the socially defined position or rank given to group members by others E) the degree to which members are motivated to stay in the group. Role perception is an individual's view of how he or she is supposed to act in a given situation. Janice Cooper has recently joined a hospital as a part of the internship program prescribed by the nursing school she attends. Janice, who was inspired to take up this profession by the story of Florence Nightingale, had very strong ideals about how she should behave as a nurse. She felt that as a nurse, she must be gentle, pleasant, and caring at all times so she could serve her patients well, and she often went to great lengths as an intern by putting in extra hours at the hospital and so on. The scenario reflects Janice's ________. A) role fuzziness B) role ambiguity C) role conflict D) role perception E) role status Role perception is an individual's view of how he or she is supposed to act in a given situation. Janice's behavior as a nurse is guided by her perception of how she should act in this profession. Role ________ is defined as the way others believe you should act in a given context. A) fuzziness B) expectation C) conflict D) perception E) enhancement Role expectations are the way others believe you should act in a given context. Most people assume that a police officer should behave in a lawful manner, refrain from demonstrating favoritism to any particular group, and do their best to uphold the law. Which of the following terms best represents these beliefs? A) diversity B) similarity C) role expectation D) uncertainty reduction E) dispersion of responsibility