Summary Organic chemistry IB Chemistry HL

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
is a study of compound containing C-H bond
The source of carbon is crude oil/ petroleum, using fractional
distillation

Hydrocarbon- a compound containing only carbon and hydrogen
Catenation - a property to form chain

Structural formula
& Empirical formula: the simplest whole number ratio of the
elements in compound

& Molecular formula: the total number of atoms of each element in a molecule CyH1o

* Condensed CH3-(CH2)c CHe -




Skeleton M
A




Full n - -
- -

H
↓ i is i


Homologous series is a series of compound that have the same
functional group, differs from the next by a common structural
unit
- similar chemical properties
- a gradation in physical properties
- general molecular formula

Functional group is a group of atoms in molecule, that gives it
its chemical properties- this is the reactive part of a molecule
! No functional group in alkanes

Homologous series Functional group Name
alkene alkenyl
halogenoalkane X-hakalkane
C = C alk-X-ene
alkynes C= C alkynyl alk-X-yhe
alcohol OH hydroxyl alkan -X-o amino
NH2 , NHR , NRe
-



amine -




ether coc ether alkoxy alkane a
amide - carboxamide
i WHz
aldehyde -H 2 alkanal nitrile
carbonyl nitrile CEN
-




ketone
i - alkan-X-one aromatic
⑳ phenyl
carboxylic - ca carboxy/ alancic acid .

O H
acid
-




ester
=O
ester alkyl
-o -
C alkancate

, Benzene ring
Molecular formula CoHg H
I
H H
c-c-
-
It is a moving ring
T
·
-

C -
H
HS
-




Compound without benzene: aliphatic ↓
Compound with benzene: aromatic

Trends in boiling point
London dispersion forces is the weakest intermolecular force 1-5 carbons -> gas
Stronger attraction (+more spherical) -> higher boiling point 6-15 carbons -> liquid
>16 carbons -> solid

Naming organic compound
1. Identify functional group Metoxy group is the functional
2. Give numbers to carbon atoms group consisting of a methyl
- functional group should have the lowest number of C group, bound to oxygen< this
- OH is more important than halogens alkoxy group has the formula
- alphabetical order R-O-CH3
- 2-di; 3-tri
3. Write the name

Primary, secondary and tertiary organic compounds
Alcohols and halogenoalkanes are differentiated depending
on the number of carbon atoms attaches to the carbon with
-OH group
H H
I
CHE
H -c -
c H C-C- CH HgC-C- CH2
, I I

OH OH or
C
G
10 2 3

In amines the focus is on the nitrogen atom

CH3-N-H ScH5 -
N -
H 2H5-N-CH3
I
w CH3
cis
ja za
O

3

, Structural isomers - are two or more compound that have the
same molecular formula but different structural formulas - the
atoms are joined in different ways




I
alkenes and cycloalkenes


HzC-C CH3 Hec
=



H
wi
alcohols and ethers


CHg-CH -OH Hg)-8-CH3

aldehyde and ketones

=
0
My2-CH CHS
-




HzC- CH2-c
"
-
H


carboxylic acid and esters

H - C- 0-CHe-CHE HgC-CHe-COOH
↓
Naming aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and esters
- Aldehydes are named based upon alkanal
- Ketones are named as alkan-x-one
- Carboxylic acids are named based on alkanoic acid

Acids + alcohols <-> esters + water
H O
CH3-CEO
on
+ no
-
c
↓
-

H = Cz -
C -




o +
H

ethanoic acid methyl ethanoate



ethyl o propanoic acid
CH3-CH2
-

0-C-CH2-CH3

ethyl propanoate

Esters are often used to flavor sweets