TEST BANK and STUDY GUIDE For Davis Advantage for
Understanding Medical-Surgical Nursing 7th Edition By Linda
S. Williams | Verified Chapter s 1 - 57 | Complete Newest
Version
Protective Mechanisms in the Respiratory System - ANSWER: Nasal hairs and
turbinates
- Trap dust and microorganisms.
Mucous membranes
- Warm and moisten inhaled air; trap inhaled particles.
Cilia
- Move particles toward pharynx to be swallowed or coughed out.
Irritant receptors in nose and airways
- Trigger sneeze and cough to remove foreign debris.
Alveolar macrophages
- Phagocytize foreign particles and bacteria.
Alveolar cells secrete __________, a lipoprotein that mixes with the tissue fluid and
decreases surface tension to permit inflation. - ANSWER: Alveolar cells secrete
SURFACTANT, a lipoprotein that mixes with the tissue fluid and decreases surface
tension to permit inflation.
Ventilation - ANSWER: The term for the movement of air into and out of the alveoli
Accessory Muscles of Respiration - ANSWER: Accessory muscles of respiration are
used during exercise and times of respiratory distress. These include muscles for
deep inspiration (sternocleidomastoid, scalene, pectoralis minor) and for forced
expiration (internal intercostal muscles and abdominal musculature
Respiratory Centers of the Brain - ANSWER: Respiratory centers of the brain, located
in the medulla oblongata and pons, innervate muscles of respiration via the
intercostal and phrenic nerves.
Normal Respiratory Rate - ANSWER: A normal respiratory rate is 12 to 20
breaths/minute.
Ventilation is accomplished by ___________ ______ ____________, causing changes
in lung volumes. - ANSWER: Ventilation is accomplished by RESPIRATORY MUSCLE
CONTRACTIONS, causing changes in lung volumes.
, Movement of air follows ______ ___, which states that in a closed container of
gases, volume and pressure are inversely related. Air moves from high-pressure to
low-pressure areas. - ANSWER: Movement of air follows BOYLE'S LAW, which states
that in a closed container of gases, volume and pressure are inversely related. Air
moves from high-pressure to low-pressure areas.
Inhalation occurs when... - ANSWER: Inhalation, also called inspiration, occurs when
motor impulses from the medulla cause contraction of the respiratory muscles.
Ease of thoracic and lung expansion is called __________. - ANSWER: Ease of
thoracic and lung expansion is called COMPLIANCE.
Normal Exhalation - ANSWER: Normal exhalation is a passive process. The lungs are
compressed as the thoracic cavity reduces volume and the recoil of the elastic lung
tissue compresses the alveoli. Alveolar pressure rises above atmospheric pressure,
and air is forced out of the lungs. At rest, energy is not used in exhalation because no
muscle contraction is required.
Forced Exhalation - ANSWER: Forced exhalation is an active process, requiring
contraction of the internal intercostal muscles compressing the thorax and
abdominal muscles that force the diaphragm superiorly, increasing compression of
the lungs.
Function of Chemoreceptors - ANSWER: Chemoreceptors (in the carotid and aortic
bodies) monitor blood levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH. The medulla
responds by increasing heart and respiratory rates during hypoxemia, hypercapnia,
and/or acidemia.
Respiratory Acidosis - ANSWER: Any decrease in the rate or efficiency of respiration
permits excess carbon dioxide to accumulate in the blood. The resulting
accumulation of excess hydrogen ions lowers pH. This is called respiratory acidosis. It
can occur as a consequence of pulmonary disease or any impairment of gas
exchange in the lungs.
Respiratory Alkalosis - ANSWER: Respiratory alkalosis occurs when the rate of
respiration increases, eliminating exhaled carbon dioxide rapidly. Less carbon dioxide
in the blood means fewer hydrogen ions are formed and the pH rises. Although it is
not a common condition, respiratory alkalosis may occur during states of
hyperventilation caused by anxiety or hypoxemia, or when acclimating to a high
altitude, before RBC production increases to provide sufficient oxygenation of
tissues.
W-H-A-T-S-U-P Format - ANSWER: - Where is it? (Doesn't apply to shortness of
breath, so it may be skipped.)
- How does it feel? Does your breathing feel tight, gasping, painful, suffocating?
Understanding Medical-Surgical Nursing 7th Edition By Linda
S. Williams | Verified Chapter s 1 - 57 | Complete Newest
Version
Protective Mechanisms in the Respiratory System - ANSWER: Nasal hairs and
turbinates
- Trap dust and microorganisms.
Mucous membranes
- Warm and moisten inhaled air; trap inhaled particles.
Cilia
- Move particles toward pharynx to be swallowed or coughed out.
Irritant receptors in nose and airways
- Trigger sneeze and cough to remove foreign debris.
Alveolar macrophages
- Phagocytize foreign particles and bacteria.
Alveolar cells secrete __________, a lipoprotein that mixes with the tissue fluid and
decreases surface tension to permit inflation. - ANSWER: Alveolar cells secrete
SURFACTANT, a lipoprotein that mixes with the tissue fluid and decreases surface
tension to permit inflation.
Ventilation - ANSWER: The term for the movement of air into and out of the alveoli
Accessory Muscles of Respiration - ANSWER: Accessory muscles of respiration are
used during exercise and times of respiratory distress. These include muscles for
deep inspiration (sternocleidomastoid, scalene, pectoralis minor) and for forced
expiration (internal intercostal muscles and abdominal musculature
Respiratory Centers of the Brain - ANSWER: Respiratory centers of the brain, located
in the medulla oblongata and pons, innervate muscles of respiration via the
intercostal and phrenic nerves.
Normal Respiratory Rate - ANSWER: A normal respiratory rate is 12 to 20
breaths/minute.
Ventilation is accomplished by ___________ ______ ____________, causing changes
in lung volumes. - ANSWER: Ventilation is accomplished by RESPIRATORY MUSCLE
CONTRACTIONS, causing changes in lung volumes.
, Movement of air follows ______ ___, which states that in a closed container of
gases, volume and pressure are inversely related. Air moves from high-pressure to
low-pressure areas. - ANSWER: Movement of air follows BOYLE'S LAW, which states
that in a closed container of gases, volume and pressure are inversely related. Air
moves from high-pressure to low-pressure areas.
Inhalation occurs when... - ANSWER: Inhalation, also called inspiration, occurs when
motor impulses from the medulla cause contraction of the respiratory muscles.
Ease of thoracic and lung expansion is called __________. - ANSWER: Ease of
thoracic and lung expansion is called COMPLIANCE.
Normal Exhalation - ANSWER: Normal exhalation is a passive process. The lungs are
compressed as the thoracic cavity reduces volume and the recoil of the elastic lung
tissue compresses the alveoli. Alveolar pressure rises above atmospheric pressure,
and air is forced out of the lungs. At rest, energy is not used in exhalation because no
muscle contraction is required.
Forced Exhalation - ANSWER: Forced exhalation is an active process, requiring
contraction of the internal intercostal muscles compressing the thorax and
abdominal muscles that force the diaphragm superiorly, increasing compression of
the lungs.
Function of Chemoreceptors - ANSWER: Chemoreceptors (in the carotid and aortic
bodies) monitor blood levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH. The medulla
responds by increasing heart and respiratory rates during hypoxemia, hypercapnia,
and/or acidemia.
Respiratory Acidosis - ANSWER: Any decrease in the rate or efficiency of respiration
permits excess carbon dioxide to accumulate in the blood. The resulting
accumulation of excess hydrogen ions lowers pH. This is called respiratory acidosis. It
can occur as a consequence of pulmonary disease or any impairment of gas
exchange in the lungs.
Respiratory Alkalosis - ANSWER: Respiratory alkalosis occurs when the rate of
respiration increases, eliminating exhaled carbon dioxide rapidly. Less carbon dioxide
in the blood means fewer hydrogen ions are formed and the pH rises. Although it is
not a common condition, respiratory alkalosis may occur during states of
hyperventilation caused by anxiety or hypoxemia, or when acclimating to a high
altitude, before RBC production increases to provide sufficient oxygenation of
tissues.
W-H-A-T-S-U-P Format - ANSWER: - Where is it? (Doesn't apply to shortness of
breath, so it may be skipped.)
- How does it feel? Does your breathing feel tight, gasping, painful, suffocating?
