TEST BANK For Understanding Psychology, 15th Edition By
Robert Feldman, Verified Chapters 1 - 17, Complete Newest
Version
Motivation - ANSWER: -Factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and
other organisms.
-Includes behavioral, cognitive, and social aspects.
-Studied with a variety of approaches, all seeking to explain the energy that guides
behavior in specific directions.
Instincts - ANSWER: -The inborn patterns of behavior that are biologically
determined rather than learned.
Instinct Approaches to Motivation - ANSWER: -The explanation of motivation that
suggests people and animals are born preprogrammed with sets of behaviors
essential to survival.
-Weaknesses:
Lack of agreement on the number of primary instincts.
Unable to explain why behaviors evolve in some species but not others.
Drive-reduction Approaches to Motivation - ANSWER: -Theories suggesting that a
lack of some basic biological need produces a drive to push an organism to satisfy
that need.
Drive - ANSWER: -Motivational tension, or arousal, that energizes behavior to fulfill a
need.
Primary Drives - ANSWER: -Related to biological needs of the body or of the species
as a whole.
Secondary Drives - ANSWER: -Related to behavior that fulfills no obvious biological
need.
Homeostasis - ANSWER: -The body's tendency to maintain a steady internal state.
-Underlies primary drives.
-Uses feedback loops.
-Operates the need for food, water, stable body temperature, and sleep.
Arousal Approaches to Motivation - ANSWER: -The belief that people try to maintain
a steady level of stimulation and activity.
-These approaches suggest that if stimulation and activity levels become too high,
we try to reduce them; and if stimulation and activity levels become too low, we
seek out ways to increase them.
-People vary in the optimal level of arousal they seek out; some look for especially
high levels of arousal.
, -Daredevil sportsmen, high-stakes gamblers, criminals.
Incentive Approaches to Motivation - ANSWER: -Theories suggesting that motivation
stems from the desire to attain external rewards, known as incentives.
-Fail to provide a complete explanation of motivation, as organisms sometimes seek
to fulfill needs even with no apparent incentives.
-Many psychologists believe drives and incentives may actually work together in
motivating behavior.
Push - ANSWER: -The internal drives proposed by drive-reduction theory.
Pull - ANSWER: -The external incentives of incentive theory.
Cognitive Approaches to Motivation - ANSWER: -Theories suggesting that motivation
is a result of people's thoughts, beliefs, expectations, and goals.
Intrinsic Motivation - ANSWER: -Individuals to participate in an activity for their own
enjoyment rather than for any actual or concrete reward.
Extrinsic Motivation - ANSWER: -Individuals to do something for money, a grade, or
some other actual, concrete reward.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Motivational Needs - ANSWER: -Maslow's hierarchy shows
how our motivation progresses up the pyramid from the broadest, most
fundamental biological needs to higher-order ones.
-Psychologist Abraham Maslow proposed a model of motivation that places
motivational needs in a hierarchy.
-Before meeting sophisticated, higher-order needs, certain primary needs must be
satisfied.
Self-Actualization - ANSWER: -A state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their
highest potential in their own way.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Motivational Needs - ANSWER: -Maslow's hierarchy of needs
is important because it:
-Highlights the complexity of human needs.
-Emphasizes that until basic biological needs are met, people will be unconcerned
about higher-order needs.
-However, research has been unable to validate the specific order of Maslow's
hierarchy.
Self-determination Theory - ANSWER: -The idea that people have three basic needs:
Competence, Autonomy, and Relatedness. (Edward Deci and Richard Ryan, 2012)
The Major Approaches of Motivation - ANSWER: instinct, Drive Reduction, Arousal,
Incentive, Cognitive, Hierarchy of Needs.
Robert Feldman, Verified Chapters 1 - 17, Complete Newest
Version
Motivation - ANSWER: -Factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and
other organisms.
-Includes behavioral, cognitive, and social aspects.
-Studied with a variety of approaches, all seeking to explain the energy that guides
behavior in specific directions.
Instincts - ANSWER: -The inborn patterns of behavior that are biologically
determined rather than learned.
Instinct Approaches to Motivation - ANSWER: -The explanation of motivation that
suggests people and animals are born preprogrammed with sets of behaviors
essential to survival.
-Weaknesses:
Lack of agreement on the number of primary instincts.
Unable to explain why behaviors evolve in some species but not others.
Drive-reduction Approaches to Motivation - ANSWER: -Theories suggesting that a
lack of some basic biological need produces a drive to push an organism to satisfy
that need.
Drive - ANSWER: -Motivational tension, or arousal, that energizes behavior to fulfill a
need.
Primary Drives - ANSWER: -Related to biological needs of the body or of the species
as a whole.
Secondary Drives - ANSWER: -Related to behavior that fulfills no obvious biological
need.
Homeostasis - ANSWER: -The body's tendency to maintain a steady internal state.
-Underlies primary drives.
-Uses feedback loops.
-Operates the need for food, water, stable body temperature, and sleep.
Arousal Approaches to Motivation - ANSWER: -The belief that people try to maintain
a steady level of stimulation and activity.
-These approaches suggest that if stimulation and activity levels become too high,
we try to reduce them; and if stimulation and activity levels become too low, we
seek out ways to increase them.
-People vary in the optimal level of arousal they seek out; some look for especially
high levels of arousal.
, -Daredevil sportsmen, high-stakes gamblers, criminals.
Incentive Approaches to Motivation - ANSWER: -Theories suggesting that motivation
stems from the desire to attain external rewards, known as incentives.
-Fail to provide a complete explanation of motivation, as organisms sometimes seek
to fulfill needs even with no apparent incentives.
-Many psychologists believe drives and incentives may actually work together in
motivating behavior.
Push - ANSWER: -The internal drives proposed by drive-reduction theory.
Pull - ANSWER: -The external incentives of incentive theory.
Cognitive Approaches to Motivation - ANSWER: -Theories suggesting that motivation
is a result of people's thoughts, beliefs, expectations, and goals.
Intrinsic Motivation - ANSWER: -Individuals to participate in an activity for their own
enjoyment rather than for any actual or concrete reward.
Extrinsic Motivation - ANSWER: -Individuals to do something for money, a grade, or
some other actual, concrete reward.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Motivational Needs - ANSWER: -Maslow's hierarchy shows
how our motivation progresses up the pyramid from the broadest, most
fundamental biological needs to higher-order ones.
-Psychologist Abraham Maslow proposed a model of motivation that places
motivational needs in a hierarchy.
-Before meeting sophisticated, higher-order needs, certain primary needs must be
satisfied.
Self-Actualization - ANSWER: -A state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their
highest potential in their own way.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Motivational Needs - ANSWER: -Maslow's hierarchy of needs
is important because it:
-Highlights the complexity of human needs.
-Emphasizes that until basic biological needs are met, people will be unconcerned
about higher-order needs.
-However, research has been unable to validate the specific order of Maslow's
hierarchy.
Self-determination Theory - ANSWER: -The idea that people have three basic needs:
Competence, Autonomy, and Relatedness. (Edward Deci and Richard Ryan, 2012)
The Major Approaches of Motivation - ANSWER: instinct, Drive Reduction, Arousal,
Incentive, Cognitive, Hierarchy of Needs.
