NUR 2063 Patho Exam Review 2 Questions And Answers
2024-2025
lOMoAR cPSD| 18207238
NUR 2063 Patho Exam Review 2 Questions And Answers
2024-2025
1. What is gastritis? What are causes?
Gastritis-inflammation of the stomach lining. Usually caused by irritating substance: Aspirin,
NSAIDS (Motrin), Alcohol, Virus, bacteria.
2. What is GERD? What are causes to this condition? What are complications of GERD if left
untreated?
GERD-Gastroesophageal reflux disease. Backflow of gastric contents into the esophagus
through lower esophageal sphincter (LES).
CAUSE: This is caused by anything that alters the ability to close LES: fatty foods, caffeine,
large amounts of alcohol, smoking, pregnancy, hernias.
COMPLICATIONS: If left untreated it can cause Barrett’s esophagus which increased risk of
esophageal cancer.
3. Review signs and symptoms of peptic ulcer disease. What is the role of H.
pylori in this condition?
PUD-epigastric burning pain usually relieved by eating.
H pylori is bacteria that “spirals” into gastric areas *thrives in acidic conditions*
4. What is pseudomembranous colitis? What contributes to this condition? What are ways that it
can be treated?
Antibiotic associated colitis-acute inflammation and necrosis of large intestine.
Caused by C. diff. **exposure to antibiotics**Diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, leukocytosis,
sepsis
TX: Flagyl or vancomycin, fecal transplant, colectomy
5. Review examples of inflammatory bowel conditions and their causes such as
Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, celiac disease
Chron’s- AKA regional enteritis or granulomatous colitis-RLQ pain, chronic inflammation of all
layers of intestines. Affects proximal portion of colon or terminal ileum. TX: reduce
inflammation, stop smoking, prednisone, sulfasalazine, NO CURE
, lOMoAR cPSD| 18207238
Ulcerative Colitis-Chronic inflammatory disease of the mucosa of the rectum and colon.
Associated with increased cancer risk. Has exacerbations and remissions. **Bloody diarrhea
and lower abdominal pain** TX: corticosteroids, broad spectrum antibiotics, Remicade
Celiac disease-AKA celiac sprue-Intolerance to gluten. Impaired nutrient absorption.
Inflammation and atrophy of the intestinal villi. Increase risk for intestinal malignancy.
6. Review signs and symptoms of appendicitis. How do we assess for this condition?
Inflammation of the veriform appendix* periumbilical pain, RLQ pain, “McBurney’s point”,
N/V/D. Rebound tenderness. Push on RLQ and release quickly.
7. Review causes of bowel obstructions. Know the difference between functional bowel
obstructions versus mechanical obstructions. Know examples of each type
Mechanical-adhesions, hernia, tumor, impaction. Things that partially or completely block small
or large intestine. **Block movement**
Functional-medications, anticholinergics, opioids, low fiber diet. Most common in small
intestine. Conditions that inhibit peristalsis. **Slow movement**
8. Review signs and symptoms of liver disease. What is another term for end-stage liver
disease?
Jaundice-green/yellow staining of tissues by bilirubin
Ascites-Accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
Hepatic encephalopathy- neuropsychiatric problem from too much ammonia
**Lactulose**
Cirrhosis-irreversible end stage of hepatic injury
9. Review signs and symptoms of gallstones. Review the three phases that contribute to
gallstone formation
1. Super saturation of bile with cholesterol causing precipitation of cholesterol
2. Nucleation of bile crystals
3. Hypomotility of bile, allowing stone growth
S/S: usually no symptoms. If symptoms will need to have gallbladder removed. Sudden
pain in right upper portion of abdomen, or just below breastbone. Back pain between
shoulder blades, pain in right shoulder, N/V
10. Review signs and symptoms of pancreatitis. What are some causes to this condition?
Steady pain in epigastrium or LUQ. Increases in intensity with palpation, radiates to back, N/V
Hypoactive bowel sounds, low fever. 2/3 caused by alcoholism.
2024-2025
lOMoAR cPSD| 18207238
NUR 2063 Patho Exam Review 2 Questions And Answers
2024-2025
1. What is gastritis? What are causes?
Gastritis-inflammation of the stomach lining. Usually caused by irritating substance: Aspirin,
NSAIDS (Motrin), Alcohol, Virus, bacteria.
2. What is GERD? What are causes to this condition? What are complications of GERD if left
untreated?
GERD-Gastroesophageal reflux disease. Backflow of gastric contents into the esophagus
through lower esophageal sphincter (LES).
CAUSE: This is caused by anything that alters the ability to close LES: fatty foods, caffeine,
large amounts of alcohol, smoking, pregnancy, hernias.
COMPLICATIONS: If left untreated it can cause Barrett’s esophagus which increased risk of
esophageal cancer.
3. Review signs and symptoms of peptic ulcer disease. What is the role of H.
pylori in this condition?
PUD-epigastric burning pain usually relieved by eating.
H pylori is bacteria that “spirals” into gastric areas *thrives in acidic conditions*
4. What is pseudomembranous colitis? What contributes to this condition? What are ways that it
can be treated?
Antibiotic associated colitis-acute inflammation and necrosis of large intestine.
Caused by C. diff. **exposure to antibiotics**Diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, leukocytosis,
sepsis
TX: Flagyl or vancomycin, fecal transplant, colectomy
5. Review examples of inflammatory bowel conditions and their causes such as
Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, celiac disease
Chron’s- AKA regional enteritis or granulomatous colitis-RLQ pain, chronic inflammation of all
layers of intestines. Affects proximal portion of colon or terminal ileum. TX: reduce
inflammation, stop smoking, prednisone, sulfasalazine, NO CURE
, lOMoAR cPSD| 18207238
Ulcerative Colitis-Chronic inflammatory disease of the mucosa of the rectum and colon.
Associated with increased cancer risk. Has exacerbations and remissions. **Bloody diarrhea
and lower abdominal pain** TX: corticosteroids, broad spectrum antibiotics, Remicade
Celiac disease-AKA celiac sprue-Intolerance to gluten. Impaired nutrient absorption.
Inflammation and atrophy of the intestinal villi. Increase risk for intestinal malignancy.
6. Review signs and symptoms of appendicitis. How do we assess for this condition?
Inflammation of the veriform appendix* periumbilical pain, RLQ pain, “McBurney’s point”,
N/V/D. Rebound tenderness. Push on RLQ and release quickly.
7. Review causes of bowel obstructions. Know the difference between functional bowel
obstructions versus mechanical obstructions. Know examples of each type
Mechanical-adhesions, hernia, tumor, impaction. Things that partially or completely block small
or large intestine. **Block movement**
Functional-medications, anticholinergics, opioids, low fiber diet. Most common in small
intestine. Conditions that inhibit peristalsis. **Slow movement**
8. Review signs and symptoms of liver disease. What is another term for end-stage liver
disease?
Jaundice-green/yellow staining of tissues by bilirubin
Ascites-Accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
Hepatic encephalopathy- neuropsychiatric problem from too much ammonia
**Lactulose**
Cirrhosis-irreversible end stage of hepatic injury
9. Review signs and symptoms of gallstones. Review the three phases that contribute to
gallstone formation
1. Super saturation of bile with cholesterol causing precipitation of cholesterol
2. Nucleation of bile crystals
3. Hypomotility of bile, allowing stone growth
S/S: usually no symptoms. If symptoms will need to have gallbladder removed. Sudden
pain in right upper portion of abdomen, or just below breastbone. Back pain between
shoulder blades, pain in right shoulder, N/V
10. Review signs and symptoms of pancreatitis. What are some causes to this condition?
Steady pain in epigastrium or LUQ. Increases in intensity with palpation, radiates to back, N/V
Hypoactive bowel sounds, low fever. 2/3 caused by alcoholism.
