CHM 219 Module 4 Exam with Verified Answers Graded A+
1. Organohalides Organic molecules contains Halogen atoms.
Ex. Algae, Mollusk, sponges, can be industrially used -
solvents, insecticides, herbicides, cleaning fluids, fire re-
tardants, refrigerants. Can also be used as inhaled anes-
thetic.
More important in organic chemistry because of theur
reactivity.
2. Two of the most Substitution
important reac- Elimination
tion types typ-
ical of organic
Halides are....
3. Substitution Re- Replacing the halogen in a molecule with another atom or
action functional group.
4. Elimination Removes the halogen and hydrogen atoms from the orig-
inal substrate molecule creating an unsaturated com-
pound.
5. Alkyl halide Aliphatic hydrocarbons that possess one or more halogen
atom substituents.
6. Aryl Halides Aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene rings) with one or more
halogen atoms attached to the ring.
7. Steric Bulk Structural substitution surrounding any carbon atom that
bears a halogen. Methyl, primary, secondary, tertiary.
8. Primary Alkyl Only on e carbon is directly attached to the carbon bearing
Halide the halogen.
9. Secondary Alkyl Two carbons directly attached to the carbon ring bearing
Halid the halogen
10. Tertiary Alkyl Three carbons are directly attached to the carbon bearing
Halide the halogen
11. Methyl halide
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, CHM 219 Module 4 Exam with Verified Answers Graded A+
Only hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon bearing the
halogen
12. X Symbol for generic halogen
13. Polarization of Carbon will be electron-deficient and thus hold a slight
C-H bond positive charge and slight negative charge on the halogen
14. Nucleophilic Halogen is replaced (substituted by) a new atom or func-
substitution tional group.
reaction Abbreviated Sn
15. Functional When one type of functional group (alkyl halide) is con-
Group verted to another by substitution.
Interconversion
16. Substrate Molecule on which the substitution occurs.
17. Leaving group Atom or group of atoms that is replaced by another when
substitution occurs
18. Nucleophile A chemical species that seeks positive charge due to the
presence of one or more lone pairs present on an atom in
the nucleophile
Typical Nucleophiles - O,N,S
Nucleo = nucleus/positive charge
Phile = love
There can be negatively charged nucleophiles (more re-
active) or neutral nucleophiles.
19. Generic presen- Nucleophile: + Substrate-Leaving group —> nucle-
tation of nucle- ophile-substrate + leaving group
ophile substitu-
tion reaction
20. Unreactive in nu- Aryl and vinyl halides.
cleophilic substi- Substrates in which the halogen is attached to a C that is
tution reactions a part of a multiple bond.
21. Mechanism
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1. Organohalides Organic molecules contains Halogen atoms.
Ex. Algae, Mollusk, sponges, can be industrially used -
solvents, insecticides, herbicides, cleaning fluids, fire re-
tardants, refrigerants. Can also be used as inhaled anes-
thetic.
More important in organic chemistry because of theur
reactivity.
2. Two of the most Substitution
important reac- Elimination
tion types typ-
ical of organic
Halides are....
3. Substitution Re- Replacing the halogen in a molecule with another atom or
action functional group.
4. Elimination Removes the halogen and hydrogen atoms from the orig-
inal substrate molecule creating an unsaturated com-
pound.
5. Alkyl halide Aliphatic hydrocarbons that possess one or more halogen
atom substituents.
6. Aryl Halides Aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene rings) with one or more
halogen atoms attached to the ring.
7. Steric Bulk Structural substitution surrounding any carbon atom that
bears a halogen. Methyl, primary, secondary, tertiary.
8. Primary Alkyl Only on e carbon is directly attached to the carbon bearing
Halide the halogen.
9. Secondary Alkyl Two carbons directly attached to the carbon ring bearing
Halid the halogen
10. Tertiary Alkyl Three carbons are directly attached to the carbon bearing
Halide the halogen
11. Methyl halide
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, CHM 219 Module 4 Exam with Verified Answers Graded A+
Only hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon bearing the
halogen
12. X Symbol for generic halogen
13. Polarization of Carbon will be electron-deficient and thus hold a slight
C-H bond positive charge and slight negative charge on the halogen
14. Nucleophilic Halogen is replaced (substituted by) a new atom or func-
substitution tional group.
reaction Abbreviated Sn
15. Functional When one type of functional group (alkyl halide) is con-
Group verted to another by substitution.
Interconversion
16. Substrate Molecule on which the substitution occurs.
17. Leaving group Atom or group of atoms that is replaced by another when
substitution occurs
18. Nucleophile A chemical species that seeks positive charge due to the
presence of one or more lone pairs present on an atom in
the nucleophile
Typical Nucleophiles - O,N,S
Nucleo = nucleus/positive charge
Phile = love
There can be negatively charged nucleophiles (more re-
active) or neutral nucleophiles.
19. Generic presen- Nucleophile: + Substrate-Leaving group —> nucle-
tation of nucle- ophile-substrate + leaving group
ophile substitu-
tion reaction
20. Unreactive in nu- Aryl and vinyl halides.
cleophilic substi- Substrates in which the halogen is attached to a C that is
tution reactions a part of a multiple bond.
21. Mechanism
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