Abrams’ Clinical Drug Therapy Rationales for Nursing Practice
12th Edition TEST BANK by Geralyn Frandsen,
What Must Drugs Cross In Order To Reach Their Sites Of Action? - ANSWER:Cell
Membranes.
Example of Facilitated Diffusion (Drug Pathway) - ANSWER:Same as regular diffusion,
but drug molecules combine with a carrier substance such as a protein or an
enzyme. An example of this would be the carrier-protein facilitated movement.
Pharmacokinetics - ANSWER:Drug movements through the body to reach sites of
action, metabolism, and excretion.
Three Pathways of Drug Movement - ANSWER:Lipid-Membrane Solubility, Protein-
Channel Passageway, Carrier-Protein Facilitated Movment.
Lipid-Membrane Solubility (Drug Pathway) - ANSWER:Most common pathway in
which lipid-soluble drugs dissolve in the lipid layer of the cell membrane.
Protein-Channel Passageway (Drug Pathway) - ANSWER:Movement of drugs through
small protein channels located on cells directly to the cell membrane. Most drugs
cannot do this because they are too large to fit through these channels.
Protein-Carrier Facilitated Movement (Drug Pathway) - ANSWER:Carrier proteins
take a drug from one side of the cell membrane to another -- the drugs chemical
structure determines whether a carrier will transport it or not.
Example of Passive Diffusion (Drug Transportation) - ANSWER:After oral
administration, the medication is mostly concentrated in the GI tract, so it moves to
lower concentrations in the bloodstream. When the blood stream gets too highly
concentrated, the drug will move to fluids surrounding the cells. This will repeat until
equilibrium is achieved.
Example of Active Transport (Drug Transportation) - ANSWER:Drug molecules move
from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration using a carrier
substance and the release of energy.
Absoprtion - ANSWER:The process that occurs from the time the medication enters
the body, until the time it circulates in the bloodstream.
What Is A Major Determinant of A Drug's Bio availability? - ANSWER:Dosage form.
The form in which the medication is given will affect how much it will be able to have
an effect.
, IV Example of Dosage Form's Effect on Bioavailability - ANSWER:An intravenous
medication will be 100% bioavailable, or will 100% have an effect, or work on body
cells because it is injected directly into the bloodstream. None of the medication is
being destroyed due to encountering metabolizing organs in the body such as the
liver.
Oral Example of Dosage Form's Effect on Bioavailability - ANSWER:Oral Drugs will
never be 100% bioavailable because some portion of the drug will meet the liver and
be absorbed by the GI tract and metabolized by the liver.
Bioavailability - ANSWER:The amount of the drug that will reach bloodstream
circulation, and be able to have an effect, and act on cells.
Oral Drugs and The Intestine - ANSWER:When swallowed, oral drugs must be
absorbed by the intestine, and then move the bloodstream. The intestine has a large
surface area for absorption not just of foods and nutrients, but for medications as
well.
Distribution - ANSWER:Transport of drug molecules within the body -- after a drug is
injected and absorbed in the bloodstream, it is carried to other sites via blood and
tissue fluids.
Protein Binding (In Drug Distribution) - ANSWER:Drugs will bind with proteins such as
albumin, and become inactive and be stored for later use. They become inactive
because when the drug binds with the protein, it is too big to squeeze through the
capillaries, and enter the bloodstream, and act on cells.
How Do Drugs Enter The BloodStream? - ANSWER:Via capillaries that lead to
systemic circulation.
Why Can't Protein Bound Drugs Enter The Bloodstream? - ANSWER:Once drugs bind
with proteins such as albumin, they become too big to fit through the capillaries and
enter systemic circulation.
Benefits of Protein Binding - ANSWER:Allows part of a drug to be stored and released
as needed -- reduces the risk of drug toxicity from occurring.
Drug Distribution To The Central Nervous System (CNS) - ANSWER:Is difficult because
the capillaries in the brain are very tight (known as the blood-brain barrier) and this
makes it difficult for most CNS drugs to work.
Result of The Blood-Brain Barrier In the CNS - ANSWER:Due to this barrier, usually
drugs that are lipid-soluble, or have a transport system are only able to act on the
CNS.
Metabolism/Biotransformation - ANSWER:The method by which drugs are
inactivated by the body and excreted.
12th Edition TEST BANK by Geralyn Frandsen,
What Must Drugs Cross In Order To Reach Their Sites Of Action? - ANSWER:Cell
Membranes.
Example of Facilitated Diffusion (Drug Pathway) - ANSWER:Same as regular diffusion,
but drug molecules combine with a carrier substance such as a protein or an
enzyme. An example of this would be the carrier-protein facilitated movement.
Pharmacokinetics - ANSWER:Drug movements through the body to reach sites of
action, metabolism, and excretion.
Three Pathways of Drug Movement - ANSWER:Lipid-Membrane Solubility, Protein-
Channel Passageway, Carrier-Protein Facilitated Movment.
Lipid-Membrane Solubility (Drug Pathway) - ANSWER:Most common pathway in
which lipid-soluble drugs dissolve in the lipid layer of the cell membrane.
Protein-Channel Passageway (Drug Pathway) - ANSWER:Movement of drugs through
small protein channels located on cells directly to the cell membrane. Most drugs
cannot do this because they are too large to fit through these channels.
Protein-Carrier Facilitated Movement (Drug Pathway) - ANSWER:Carrier proteins
take a drug from one side of the cell membrane to another -- the drugs chemical
structure determines whether a carrier will transport it or not.
Example of Passive Diffusion (Drug Transportation) - ANSWER:After oral
administration, the medication is mostly concentrated in the GI tract, so it moves to
lower concentrations in the bloodstream. When the blood stream gets too highly
concentrated, the drug will move to fluids surrounding the cells. This will repeat until
equilibrium is achieved.
Example of Active Transport (Drug Transportation) - ANSWER:Drug molecules move
from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration using a carrier
substance and the release of energy.
Absoprtion - ANSWER:The process that occurs from the time the medication enters
the body, until the time it circulates in the bloodstream.
What Is A Major Determinant of A Drug's Bio availability? - ANSWER:Dosage form.
The form in which the medication is given will affect how much it will be able to have
an effect.
, IV Example of Dosage Form's Effect on Bioavailability - ANSWER:An intravenous
medication will be 100% bioavailable, or will 100% have an effect, or work on body
cells because it is injected directly into the bloodstream. None of the medication is
being destroyed due to encountering metabolizing organs in the body such as the
liver.
Oral Example of Dosage Form's Effect on Bioavailability - ANSWER:Oral Drugs will
never be 100% bioavailable because some portion of the drug will meet the liver and
be absorbed by the GI tract and metabolized by the liver.
Bioavailability - ANSWER:The amount of the drug that will reach bloodstream
circulation, and be able to have an effect, and act on cells.
Oral Drugs and The Intestine - ANSWER:When swallowed, oral drugs must be
absorbed by the intestine, and then move the bloodstream. The intestine has a large
surface area for absorption not just of foods and nutrients, but for medications as
well.
Distribution - ANSWER:Transport of drug molecules within the body -- after a drug is
injected and absorbed in the bloodstream, it is carried to other sites via blood and
tissue fluids.
Protein Binding (In Drug Distribution) - ANSWER:Drugs will bind with proteins such as
albumin, and become inactive and be stored for later use. They become inactive
because when the drug binds with the protein, it is too big to squeeze through the
capillaries, and enter the bloodstream, and act on cells.
How Do Drugs Enter The BloodStream? - ANSWER:Via capillaries that lead to
systemic circulation.
Why Can't Protein Bound Drugs Enter The Bloodstream? - ANSWER:Once drugs bind
with proteins such as albumin, they become too big to fit through the capillaries and
enter systemic circulation.
Benefits of Protein Binding - ANSWER:Allows part of a drug to be stored and released
as needed -- reduces the risk of drug toxicity from occurring.
Drug Distribution To The Central Nervous System (CNS) - ANSWER:Is difficult because
the capillaries in the brain are very tight (known as the blood-brain barrier) and this
makes it difficult for most CNS drugs to work.
Result of The Blood-Brain Barrier In the CNS - ANSWER:Due to this barrier, usually
drugs that are lipid-soluble, or have a transport system are only able to act on the
CNS.
Metabolism/Biotransformation - ANSWER:The method by which drugs are
inactivated by the body and excreted.
