TEST BANK For Essentials of Psychiatric Nursing, 3rd Edition by
Mary Ann Boyd & Rebecca Ann Luebbert
Mental Health - ANSWER:the successful adaptation to stressors from the internal or
external environment, evidenced by thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that are age
appropriate and congruent with local and cultural norms
Mental Illness - ANSWER:maladaptive responses to stressors from the internal or
external environment, evidenced by thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that are
incongruent with the local and cultural norms, and interfere with the individual's
social, occupational, and/or physical functioning
Fight or Flight- Immediate Response - ANSWER:hypothalamus stimulates the
sympathetic nervous system, which results in the following physical effects:
■ The adrenal medulla releases norepinephrine and epinephrine into the
bloodstream.
■ The pupils of the eyes dilate.
■ In the lungs, the bronchioles dilate, and the respiration rate is increased.
■ The force of cardiac contraction increases, as does cardiac output, heart rate, and
blood pressure.
■ Gastrointestinal motility and secretions decrease, and sphincters contract.
■ In the liver, there is increased glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis and decreased
glycogen synthesis.
■ The bladder muscle contracts, and the sphincter relaxes; there is increased ureter
motility.
■ Secretion from the sweat glands is increased.
■ Lipolysis occurs in the fat cells.
Fight or Flight- Sustained Response - ANSWER:hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary
gland to release hormones that produce the following effects:
■ Adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex to release
glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, resulting in increased gluconeogenesis and
retention of sodium and water and decreased immune and inflammatory responses.
■ Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) increases fluid retention and also increases
blood pressure through constriction of blood vessels.
■ Growth hormone has a direct effect on protein, carbohydrate, and lipid
metabolism, resulting in increased serum glucose and free fatty acids.
■ Thyrotropic hormone stimulates the thyroid gland to increase the basal metabolic
rate.
■ Gonadotropins cause a decrease in secretion of sex hormones, resulting in
decreased libido and impotence.
Mild Anxiety - ANSWER:sharpens the senses, increases motivation for productivity,
increases the perceptual field, and results in a heightened awareness of the
, environment. Learning is enhanced, and the individual is able to function at an
optimal level.
Mild to Moderate Anxiety - ANSWER:less alert to events occurring within the
environment. The individual's attention span and ability to concentrate decrease,
although they may still attend to needs with direction. Assistance with problem-
solving may be required. Increased muscular tension and restlessness are evident.
Severe Anxiety - ANSWER:Attention span is extremely limited, and the individual has
much difficulty completing even the simplest task. Physical symptoms (e.g.,
headaches, palpitations, insomnia) and emotional symptoms (e.g., confusion, dread,
horror) may be evident
Neurosis - ANSWER:a psychiatric disturbance characterized by excessive anxiety that
is expressed directly or altered through defense mechanisms
Compensation - ANSWER:Covering up a real or perceived weakness by emphasizing a
trait one considers more desirable
Rationalization - ANSWER:Attempting to make excuses or formulate logical reasons
to justify unacceptable feelings or behaviors
Denial - ANSWER:Refusing to acknowledge the existence of a real situation or the
feelings associated with it
Reaction Formation - ANSWER:Preventing unacceptable or undesirable thoughts or
behaviors from being expressed by exaggerating opposite thoughts or types of
behaviors
Displacement - ANSWER:The transfer of feelings from one target to another that is
considered less threatening or that is neutral
Regression - ANSWER:Responding to stress by retreating to an earlier level of
development and the comfort measures associated with that level of functioning
Identification - ANSWER:An attempt to increase self-worth by acquiring certain
attributes and characteristics of an individual one admires
Repression - ANSWER:Involuntarily blocking unpleasant feelings and experiences
from one's awareness
Intellectualization - ANSWER:An attempt to avoid expressing actual emotions
associated with a stressful situation by using the intellectual processes of logic,
reasoning, and analysis
Sublimation - ANSWER:Rechanneling of drives or impulses that are personally or
socially unacceptable into activities that are constructive
Mary Ann Boyd & Rebecca Ann Luebbert
Mental Health - ANSWER:the successful adaptation to stressors from the internal or
external environment, evidenced by thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that are age
appropriate and congruent with local and cultural norms
Mental Illness - ANSWER:maladaptive responses to stressors from the internal or
external environment, evidenced by thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that are
incongruent with the local and cultural norms, and interfere with the individual's
social, occupational, and/or physical functioning
Fight or Flight- Immediate Response - ANSWER:hypothalamus stimulates the
sympathetic nervous system, which results in the following physical effects:
■ The adrenal medulla releases norepinephrine and epinephrine into the
bloodstream.
■ The pupils of the eyes dilate.
■ In the lungs, the bronchioles dilate, and the respiration rate is increased.
■ The force of cardiac contraction increases, as does cardiac output, heart rate, and
blood pressure.
■ Gastrointestinal motility and secretions decrease, and sphincters contract.
■ In the liver, there is increased glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis and decreased
glycogen synthesis.
■ The bladder muscle contracts, and the sphincter relaxes; there is increased ureter
motility.
■ Secretion from the sweat glands is increased.
■ Lipolysis occurs in the fat cells.
Fight or Flight- Sustained Response - ANSWER:hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary
gland to release hormones that produce the following effects:
■ Adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex to release
glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, resulting in increased gluconeogenesis and
retention of sodium and water and decreased immune and inflammatory responses.
■ Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) increases fluid retention and also increases
blood pressure through constriction of blood vessels.
■ Growth hormone has a direct effect on protein, carbohydrate, and lipid
metabolism, resulting in increased serum glucose and free fatty acids.
■ Thyrotropic hormone stimulates the thyroid gland to increase the basal metabolic
rate.
■ Gonadotropins cause a decrease in secretion of sex hormones, resulting in
decreased libido and impotence.
Mild Anxiety - ANSWER:sharpens the senses, increases motivation for productivity,
increases the perceptual field, and results in a heightened awareness of the
, environment. Learning is enhanced, and the individual is able to function at an
optimal level.
Mild to Moderate Anxiety - ANSWER:less alert to events occurring within the
environment. The individual's attention span and ability to concentrate decrease,
although they may still attend to needs with direction. Assistance with problem-
solving may be required. Increased muscular tension and restlessness are evident.
Severe Anxiety - ANSWER:Attention span is extremely limited, and the individual has
much difficulty completing even the simplest task. Physical symptoms (e.g.,
headaches, palpitations, insomnia) and emotional symptoms (e.g., confusion, dread,
horror) may be evident
Neurosis - ANSWER:a psychiatric disturbance characterized by excessive anxiety that
is expressed directly or altered through defense mechanisms
Compensation - ANSWER:Covering up a real or perceived weakness by emphasizing a
trait one considers more desirable
Rationalization - ANSWER:Attempting to make excuses or formulate logical reasons
to justify unacceptable feelings or behaviors
Denial - ANSWER:Refusing to acknowledge the existence of a real situation or the
feelings associated with it
Reaction Formation - ANSWER:Preventing unacceptable or undesirable thoughts or
behaviors from being expressed by exaggerating opposite thoughts or types of
behaviors
Displacement - ANSWER:The transfer of feelings from one target to another that is
considered less threatening or that is neutral
Regression - ANSWER:Responding to stress by retreating to an earlier level of
development and the comfort measures associated with that level of functioning
Identification - ANSWER:An attempt to increase self-worth by acquiring certain
attributes and characteristics of an individual one admires
Repression - ANSWER:Involuntarily blocking unpleasant feelings and experiences
from one's awareness
Intellectualization - ANSWER:An attempt to avoid expressing actual emotions
associated with a stressful situation by using the intellectual processes of logic,
reasoning, and analysis
Sublimation - ANSWER:Rechanneling of drives or impulses that are personally or
socially unacceptable into activities that are constructive
