TEST BANK For Principles of Human Physiology, 6th Edition by
Stanfield
What are the two biggest nitrogen waste products? - ANSWER:Urea and Creatinine
Where is Urea produced? - ANSWER:The liver produces urea when protein is used as
a fuel source
Where does Creatinine come from? - ANSWER:Creatinine comes from the break
down of creatine phosphate in the muscles
How much creatine phosphate breaks down per day? - ANSWER:1%
How are urea and creatinine excreted from the body? - ANSWER:urination
What is high levels of nitrogen or urea in the bloodstream called? - ANSWER:Uremia
What are the three parts of the kidney's? - ANSWER:renal pelvis, renal medulla,
renal cortex
What is the average urine production rate? - ANSWER:1 mL/min
What is B.U.N? - ANSWER:Blood Urea Nitrogen
What is the average amount of BUN in the body? - ANSWER:15 mg/dL
What is the average amount of creatinine in the body? - ANSWER:1 mg/dL
Three causes to post-renal failure? - ANSWER:1. Kidney stones
2. fetus during pregnancy
3. Men: Prostate hypertrophy
How can kidney stones cause post- renal failure? - ANSWER:Kidney stones come
from the kidneys. They are a calcium build up. They can get stuck in the ureter or
urethra. This would then block the flow of urine( creatinine + urea) out of the body.
There would be a rise of BUN and creatinine and this build up can cause renal failure.
How can a fetus in a pregnant woman cause post-renal failure? - ANSWER:The fetus
can actually block the ureter by being on top of it. The fetus will then slow down the
excretion of urea and creatinine thus causing a rise in both and renal failure to
happen.
How does prostate hypertrophy in men cause post-renal failure? - ANSWER:The
prostate in men become hypertrophy, which means that it starts to become smaller
and clamps down on the urethra. This makes it so not as much urine can be
,excreted. With not as much urine being excreted higher levels of urea and creatinine
are present which can cause issues. This is known as post renal uremia.
What is a symptom of prostate hypertrophy? - ANSWER:nocturnal diuresis
What is nocturnal diuresis? - ANSWER:When men have to urinate more often due to
prostate hypertrophy because they cannot empty their bladder enough
What can happen if urine cannot be excreted? - ANSWER:Urinary tract infections can
happen
How can urinary tract infections be treated? - ANSWER:They can be treated
surgically or through balloon catheters and drugs.
How can you treat a kidney stone? - ANSWER:Many people with kidney stones are
told to drink lots of water to flush the stone out and are given narcotics. They can
also be surgically removed.
How much blood flows into the kidneys and what is this called? - ANSWER:1 liter of
blood per minute flows into the kidneys and this is called the renal blood flow.
What brings blood into the kidneys? - ANSWER:The renal artery.
What brings blood from the kidneys back up to the heart? - ANSWER:The renal vein
attached to the inferior vena cava brings blood back to the heart.
When blood enters the kidneys by the renal artery where does it go? - ANSWER:It
goes into the arcuate artery which is located between the renal cortex and the renal
medulla.
What can cause pre-renal failure in relation to stenosis? - ANSWER:Damage to the
renal arteries which can cause renal artery stenosis. Renal artery stenosis is when
plaque or clots can block the blood flow into the kidneys, which can then cause a rise
of BUN and creatinine in the kidneys which can cause liver damage. This causes the
renal blood flow to become less than 1L/min.
What can cause pre-renal failure in relation to cancer? - ANSWER:cancerous tumors
can block blood flow and cause the renal blood flow to be lowered.
What structures are located in the renal medulla? - ANSWER:Renal pyramids are
located in the renal medulla. There are about 5-6 per kidney and they are located
from the cortex to the pelvis.
Why is the cortex grainy? - ANSWER:The cortex is grainy because of all the
glomeruses in the cortex.
, How many nephrons are in each kidney? - ANSWER:There are 1 million nephrons in
each kidney, so you have 2 million total.
How many nephrons can you live with? - ANSWER:400,000
What can destroy nephrons? - ANSWER:Aging, disease and diabetes can all destroy
nephrons, as well as bodily harm.
Can nephrons be regrown or built? - ANSWER:No they cannot, so when the start to
die off they only way to combat symptoms is either by a kidney transplant or dialysis.
What are the parts of the nephron? - ANSWER:Afferent arteriole, glomerulus,
efferent arteriole and Bowman's capsule, PCT, loop of henley which has the DCT.
Afferent arteriole - ANSWER:The afferent arteriole is located on the arcuate artery.
This is where blood enters. The blood contains different things such as :H20, Na+, K+,
PP, Urea and creatinine.
Glomerolus - ANSWER:Bundle of capillaries that filters the blood that comes in
through the afferent arteriole.
Efferent arteriole - ANSWER:The fluid that is not filtered by the glomerolus gets sent
through the efferent arteriole, which attaches to the vasa recta or it gets excreted.
Vasa recta - ANSWER:This is a thin veil that surrounds the loop of henley it is a bunch
of capillaries.
Bowman's capsule - ANSWER:Bowman's capsule is a piece of tissue that surrounds
the glomerolus.
What two conditions can occur when the glomerolus gets damaged and starts to
filter things that shouldn't be filtered? - ANSWER:Hematuria and proteinuria
Hematuria - ANSWER:Blood is in the urine.
Protenuria - ANSWER:Plasma proteins are in the urine.
What occurs at the proximal convoluted tubule? - ANSWER:Mandatory reabsorption
occurs here.
Where is the loop of henley located? - ANSWER:It is located in the medulla.
What does the loop of henley do? - ANSWER:Reabsorption and excretion occur here.
What is not filtered through the nephron? - ANSWER:Plasma proteins and red blood
cells, this is because they are too big.
Stanfield
What are the two biggest nitrogen waste products? - ANSWER:Urea and Creatinine
Where is Urea produced? - ANSWER:The liver produces urea when protein is used as
a fuel source
Where does Creatinine come from? - ANSWER:Creatinine comes from the break
down of creatine phosphate in the muscles
How much creatine phosphate breaks down per day? - ANSWER:1%
How are urea and creatinine excreted from the body? - ANSWER:urination
What is high levels of nitrogen or urea in the bloodstream called? - ANSWER:Uremia
What are the three parts of the kidney's? - ANSWER:renal pelvis, renal medulla,
renal cortex
What is the average urine production rate? - ANSWER:1 mL/min
What is B.U.N? - ANSWER:Blood Urea Nitrogen
What is the average amount of BUN in the body? - ANSWER:15 mg/dL
What is the average amount of creatinine in the body? - ANSWER:1 mg/dL
Three causes to post-renal failure? - ANSWER:1. Kidney stones
2. fetus during pregnancy
3. Men: Prostate hypertrophy
How can kidney stones cause post- renal failure? - ANSWER:Kidney stones come
from the kidneys. They are a calcium build up. They can get stuck in the ureter or
urethra. This would then block the flow of urine( creatinine + urea) out of the body.
There would be a rise of BUN and creatinine and this build up can cause renal failure.
How can a fetus in a pregnant woman cause post-renal failure? - ANSWER:The fetus
can actually block the ureter by being on top of it. The fetus will then slow down the
excretion of urea and creatinine thus causing a rise in both and renal failure to
happen.
How does prostate hypertrophy in men cause post-renal failure? - ANSWER:The
prostate in men become hypertrophy, which means that it starts to become smaller
and clamps down on the urethra. This makes it so not as much urine can be
,excreted. With not as much urine being excreted higher levels of urea and creatinine
are present which can cause issues. This is known as post renal uremia.
What is a symptom of prostate hypertrophy? - ANSWER:nocturnal diuresis
What is nocturnal diuresis? - ANSWER:When men have to urinate more often due to
prostate hypertrophy because they cannot empty their bladder enough
What can happen if urine cannot be excreted? - ANSWER:Urinary tract infections can
happen
How can urinary tract infections be treated? - ANSWER:They can be treated
surgically or through balloon catheters and drugs.
How can you treat a kidney stone? - ANSWER:Many people with kidney stones are
told to drink lots of water to flush the stone out and are given narcotics. They can
also be surgically removed.
How much blood flows into the kidneys and what is this called? - ANSWER:1 liter of
blood per minute flows into the kidneys and this is called the renal blood flow.
What brings blood into the kidneys? - ANSWER:The renal artery.
What brings blood from the kidneys back up to the heart? - ANSWER:The renal vein
attached to the inferior vena cava brings blood back to the heart.
When blood enters the kidneys by the renal artery where does it go? - ANSWER:It
goes into the arcuate artery which is located between the renal cortex and the renal
medulla.
What can cause pre-renal failure in relation to stenosis? - ANSWER:Damage to the
renal arteries which can cause renal artery stenosis. Renal artery stenosis is when
plaque or clots can block the blood flow into the kidneys, which can then cause a rise
of BUN and creatinine in the kidneys which can cause liver damage. This causes the
renal blood flow to become less than 1L/min.
What can cause pre-renal failure in relation to cancer? - ANSWER:cancerous tumors
can block blood flow and cause the renal blood flow to be lowered.
What structures are located in the renal medulla? - ANSWER:Renal pyramids are
located in the renal medulla. There are about 5-6 per kidney and they are located
from the cortex to the pelvis.
Why is the cortex grainy? - ANSWER:The cortex is grainy because of all the
glomeruses in the cortex.
, How many nephrons are in each kidney? - ANSWER:There are 1 million nephrons in
each kidney, so you have 2 million total.
How many nephrons can you live with? - ANSWER:400,000
What can destroy nephrons? - ANSWER:Aging, disease and diabetes can all destroy
nephrons, as well as bodily harm.
Can nephrons be regrown or built? - ANSWER:No they cannot, so when the start to
die off they only way to combat symptoms is either by a kidney transplant or dialysis.
What are the parts of the nephron? - ANSWER:Afferent arteriole, glomerulus,
efferent arteriole and Bowman's capsule, PCT, loop of henley which has the DCT.
Afferent arteriole - ANSWER:The afferent arteriole is located on the arcuate artery.
This is where blood enters. The blood contains different things such as :H20, Na+, K+,
PP, Urea and creatinine.
Glomerolus - ANSWER:Bundle of capillaries that filters the blood that comes in
through the afferent arteriole.
Efferent arteriole - ANSWER:The fluid that is not filtered by the glomerolus gets sent
through the efferent arteriole, which attaches to the vasa recta or it gets excreted.
Vasa recta - ANSWER:This is a thin veil that surrounds the loop of henley it is a bunch
of capillaries.
Bowman's capsule - ANSWER:Bowman's capsule is a piece of tissue that surrounds
the glomerolus.
What two conditions can occur when the glomerolus gets damaged and starts to
filter things that shouldn't be filtered? - ANSWER:Hematuria and proteinuria
Hematuria - ANSWER:Blood is in the urine.
Protenuria - ANSWER:Plasma proteins are in the urine.
What occurs at the proximal convoluted tubule? - ANSWER:Mandatory reabsorption
occurs here.
Where is the loop of henley located? - ANSWER:It is located in the medulla.
What does the loop of henley do? - ANSWER:Reabsorption and excretion occur here.
What is not filtered through the nephron? - ANSWER:Plasma proteins and red blood
cells, this is because they are too big.
