Loophole LSAT
Argument correct answersMade of premise(s) and conclusions
Premises correct answersThe facts, the evidence. Always accept premises. Always focus on how the
premises fit together and are defined by their relationship to the conclusion.
Conclusion correct answersJudgments the author makes, built upon the arrangement of premises. They
are part of the argument you question - usually they can be made invalid through loopholes.
Valid conclusion correct answersMust be true if the premises are true. They're 100% provable. Look for
common terms between n two premises and find out what that repetition allows you to conclude.
Always part of an argument.
EXAMPLE:
Premise 1 - Maya won't eat grapefruit.
Premise 2- Only those who always eat grapefruit will be committed to the mental institution.
Valid: Maya will not be committed to the mental institution.
Inferences correct answersNot part of the argument, something we come up with from the premise set.
An inference is a valid conclusion you design yourself, not a conclusion inside an argument.
Invalid Conclusions correct answersThe conclusion is not ironclad, it can fall apart using loopholes. What
if...?
Always assume the author is leaving something out. These conclusions take things for granted in the
premises.
EX:
Avocados & gingerbread both contain nitrogen, nitrogen is an element. Avocados and nitrogen are
similar.
Loophole: What if avocados and gingerbread are different in every other aspect? This would make the
conclusion inaccurate.
, Intermediate Conclusion correct answersFulfills the argumentative role of both a premise and a
conclusion. Supports the main conclusion and is supported by premises. If you have no reason for why
something is true it is a premise.
Nested Claims & Hybrid Arguments correct answersWhen someone besides the author makes a claim. A
description of how someone believes something. If the author concludes anything themselves they will
use the nested claim as a premise for the conclusion. If the author does not conclude anything we use
the nested claim as a conclusion and attack that with loopholes.
Attacking an Argument correct answersAttack the premises relationship to one another and to the
conclusion, but never question the truth of the premises. Always ask yourself why the conclusion is
supposed to be true. Always assume there is something being left out of what the author chose to
present. Attack what they aren't telling you.
Must correct answersTough to prove easy to attack. Powerful premises. Always, every single time, no
exceptions ever, you can't get out of doing this.
Cannot correct answersTough to prove and easy to attack. Never, impossible in any circumstance, no
way.
Could correct answersEasier to prove, harder to attack. We just need premises that allow the conclusion
stated to be a possibility. Possible, there is a chance, maybe, might, encompasses both something
unlikely and likely, may or may not.
Not Necessarily correct answersEasier to prove, harder to attack. We just need premises saying we don't
have to. Doesn't have to be the case, literally "not must", could be an exception, not guaranteed.
Certainty Power Players the 100% & the 0% correct answersMust and cannot. When you don't see
indicators of certainty or uncertainty, this is a sentence that is claiming certainty.
Must: the 100% true. No exceptions to what the author is saying. Huge burden of proof and easily
attackable with loopholes.
Cannot: The 0% Never Never Never. There is no remote chance.
Could "Not impossible" correct answers1 - 100% includes Must. Does not include cannot.
Argument correct answersMade of premise(s) and conclusions
Premises correct answersThe facts, the evidence. Always accept premises. Always focus on how the
premises fit together and are defined by their relationship to the conclusion.
Conclusion correct answersJudgments the author makes, built upon the arrangement of premises. They
are part of the argument you question - usually they can be made invalid through loopholes.
Valid conclusion correct answersMust be true if the premises are true. They're 100% provable. Look for
common terms between n two premises and find out what that repetition allows you to conclude.
Always part of an argument.
EXAMPLE:
Premise 1 - Maya won't eat grapefruit.
Premise 2- Only those who always eat grapefruit will be committed to the mental institution.
Valid: Maya will not be committed to the mental institution.
Inferences correct answersNot part of the argument, something we come up with from the premise set.
An inference is a valid conclusion you design yourself, not a conclusion inside an argument.
Invalid Conclusions correct answersThe conclusion is not ironclad, it can fall apart using loopholes. What
if...?
Always assume the author is leaving something out. These conclusions take things for granted in the
premises.
EX:
Avocados & gingerbread both contain nitrogen, nitrogen is an element. Avocados and nitrogen are
similar.
Loophole: What if avocados and gingerbread are different in every other aspect? This would make the
conclusion inaccurate.
, Intermediate Conclusion correct answersFulfills the argumentative role of both a premise and a
conclusion. Supports the main conclusion and is supported by premises. If you have no reason for why
something is true it is a premise.
Nested Claims & Hybrid Arguments correct answersWhen someone besides the author makes a claim. A
description of how someone believes something. If the author concludes anything themselves they will
use the nested claim as a premise for the conclusion. If the author does not conclude anything we use
the nested claim as a conclusion and attack that with loopholes.
Attacking an Argument correct answersAttack the premises relationship to one another and to the
conclusion, but never question the truth of the premises. Always ask yourself why the conclusion is
supposed to be true. Always assume there is something being left out of what the author chose to
present. Attack what they aren't telling you.
Must correct answersTough to prove easy to attack. Powerful premises. Always, every single time, no
exceptions ever, you can't get out of doing this.
Cannot correct answersTough to prove and easy to attack. Never, impossible in any circumstance, no
way.
Could correct answersEasier to prove, harder to attack. We just need premises that allow the conclusion
stated to be a possibility. Possible, there is a chance, maybe, might, encompasses both something
unlikely and likely, may or may not.
Not Necessarily correct answersEasier to prove, harder to attack. We just need premises saying we don't
have to. Doesn't have to be the case, literally "not must", could be an exception, not guaranteed.
Certainty Power Players the 100% & the 0% correct answersMust and cannot. When you don't see
indicators of certainty or uncertainty, this is a sentence that is claiming certainty.
Must: the 100% true. No exceptions to what the author is saying. Huge burden of proof and easily
attackable with loopholes.
Cannot: The 0% Never Never Never. There is no remote chance.
Could "Not impossible" correct answers1 - 100% includes Must. Does not include cannot.
