Neuroscience 6th Edition TEST BANK by Purves •
Augustine • Fitzpatrick
give an example of a noiceceptive and non-noiceceptive reflex - ANSWER:withdrawal
reflex and tendon stretch reflex
what are the key inputs to the somatosensory cortex? - ANSWER:from the VPL of the
thalamus, which receives afferent supply from DCML (dorsal column medial
lemniscus) and spinothalamic pathways. Info received from these tracts includes
proprioception, potition sense, pain, tactile info eg temperature
which ascending tract that is part of the pontine reticular formation modulates
emotive aspects of pain, and travels sp cord-pons - ANSWER:Spinoparabrachial tract
what is the most inportant neurotransmitter in brain - ANSWER:glutamate
the greatest concentration of opiod receptors in body are in the -
ANSWER:periaquaductal grey matter in midbrain
where does the descending pathway that facilitates pain origionate from? -
ANSWER:rostral ventromedial medulla
problems with conventional analgesics for Tx of chronic pain - ANSWER:tolerance,
dependance, lack of efficacy, dose limiting side effects
most difficult type of pain to treat - ANSWER:chronic neuropathic pain
pain is - ANSWER:most common reason for taking medication
most common reason for visit to GP
common medication for acute pain - ANSWER:opiods
damage to thalamus can result in what kind of pain - ANSWER:Thalamic pain (type of
neuropathic pain) - widespread intense ongoing pain
3 clnical characteristics of neuropathic pain - ANSWER:spontaneous pain,
hyperalgaesia, allodynia
other characteristics of neuropathic pain - ANSWER:persists long after trauma has
healed, has augmented emotional component, sufferers often thought to be lying to
get benefits eg insurance
define neuropathic pain - ANSWER:pain resulting from damage to NS (PNS or CNS)
, how does neuropathic pain occur (mechanisms) - ANSWER:nerve lesions cause
spontaneous activity and abnormal sensitivity in sensory axons. Cut ends of axons
take on some qualities of nerve endings eg sensitivity to pain
how is neuropathic pain treated (western TP) - ANSWER:dampen excitability and
prevent action potentials
types of drugs used to treat chronic pain (comment on therapeutic window) -
ANSWER:antiepileptics, tricyclic antidepressants, sodium channel blockers (narrow
therap. window)
aberrant sensitivity can be a symtpom of - ANSWER:a neuroma
symptoms of CRES (complex regional pain syndrome) - ANSWER:swelling, ongoing
degeneration of nerves, soft tiss and bone, excess sweating
how are microglia involved in neuropathic pain and neurodeg disease? -
ANSWER:they are immune cells of CNS, activated by CNS tiss damage/infection and
release inflamm mediators and cytotoxic secretions
symptoms of CRPS (complex regional pain syndrome) - ANSWER:swelling, excess
sweating - due to ongoing degen of nerves, soft tiss and bone
mechanism involved in CRPS - ANSWER:- endoneurial BV's become innervated by
sympathetic (vasoconstrictor) nerves, so activation of sympathetic NS interrupts
blood flow to nerves
- sensory and sympathetic nerves show interactions after healing
neuropathic pain can origionate from - ANSWER:multiple differernt pathological
changes centrally and/or peripherally
compare lower order animal brain to human brain - ANSWER:former has no folding,
whereas humans and higher order animals (eg cats, dolphins) do have gyri, sulci and
fissures to increase SA of cortex
function of frontal cortex is - ANSWER:executive functions (planning, attention,
speech rule-making, attention, personality, motor etc)
function of temporal lobe is - ANSWER:hearing and vision, processing speech and
language (wernicke's area)
main function of Wernicke's area - ANSWER:comprehension of language
funciton of parietal lobe - ANSWER:language, spatial recognition (recognising 3D
shapes/textures), sensory
Augustine • Fitzpatrick
give an example of a noiceceptive and non-noiceceptive reflex - ANSWER:withdrawal
reflex and tendon stretch reflex
what are the key inputs to the somatosensory cortex? - ANSWER:from the VPL of the
thalamus, which receives afferent supply from DCML (dorsal column medial
lemniscus) and spinothalamic pathways. Info received from these tracts includes
proprioception, potition sense, pain, tactile info eg temperature
which ascending tract that is part of the pontine reticular formation modulates
emotive aspects of pain, and travels sp cord-pons - ANSWER:Spinoparabrachial tract
what is the most inportant neurotransmitter in brain - ANSWER:glutamate
the greatest concentration of opiod receptors in body are in the -
ANSWER:periaquaductal grey matter in midbrain
where does the descending pathway that facilitates pain origionate from? -
ANSWER:rostral ventromedial medulla
problems with conventional analgesics for Tx of chronic pain - ANSWER:tolerance,
dependance, lack of efficacy, dose limiting side effects
most difficult type of pain to treat - ANSWER:chronic neuropathic pain
pain is - ANSWER:most common reason for taking medication
most common reason for visit to GP
common medication for acute pain - ANSWER:opiods
damage to thalamus can result in what kind of pain - ANSWER:Thalamic pain (type of
neuropathic pain) - widespread intense ongoing pain
3 clnical characteristics of neuropathic pain - ANSWER:spontaneous pain,
hyperalgaesia, allodynia
other characteristics of neuropathic pain - ANSWER:persists long after trauma has
healed, has augmented emotional component, sufferers often thought to be lying to
get benefits eg insurance
define neuropathic pain - ANSWER:pain resulting from damage to NS (PNS or CNS)
, how does neuropathic pain occur (mechanisms) - ANSWER:nerve lesions cause
spontaneous activity and abnormal sensitivity in sensory axons. Cut ends of axons
take on some qualities of nerve endings eg sensitivity to pain
how is neuropathic pain treated (western TP) - ANSWER:dampen excitability and
prevent action potentials
types of drugs used to treat chronic pain (comment on therapeutic window) -
ANSWER:antiepileptics, tricyclic antidepressants, sodium channel blockers (narrow
therap. window)
aberrant sensitivity can be a symtpom of - ANSWER:a neuroma
symptoms of CRES (complex regional pain syndrome) - ANSWER:swelling, ongoing
degeneration of nerves, soft tiss and bone, excess sweating
how are microglia involved in neuropathic pain and neurodeg disease? -
ANSWER:they are immune cells of CNS, activated by CNS tiss damage/infection and
release inflamm mediators and cytotoxic secretions
symptoms of CRPS (complex regional pain syndrome) - ANSWER:swelling, excess
sweating - due to ongoing degen of nerves, soft tiss and bone
mechanism involved in CRPS - ANSWER:- endoneurial BV's become innervated by
sympathetic (vasoconstrictor) nerves, so activation of sympathetic NS interrupts
blood flow to nerves
- sensory and sympathetic nerves show interactions after healing
neuropathic pain can origionate from - ANSWER:multiple differernt pathological
changes centrally and/or peripherally
compare lower order animal brain to human brain - ANSWER:former has no folding,
whereas humans and higher order animals (eg cats, dolphins) do have gyri, sulci and
fissures to increase SA of cortex
function of frontal cortex is - ANSWER:executive functions (planning, attention,
speech rule-making, attention, personality, motor etc)
function of temporal lobe is - ANSWER:hearing and vision, processing speech and
language (wernicke's area)
main function of Wernicke's area - ANSWER:comprehension of language
funciton of parietal lobe - ANSWER:language, spatial recognition (recognising 3D
shapes/textures), sensory
