Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 2
Chemical Level of Organization.
Smallest stable unit of matter: - *answers* Atoms
Atoms are composed of: - *answers* subatomic particles
Atomic particle with a positive electrical charge - *answers* Protons
Atomic particle with a negative electrical charge - *answers* Electrons
Neutral atomic particle - *answers* Neutron
The number of protons in an atom is known as its - *answers* atomic number
An Element is: - *answers* a pure substance composed of atoms of only one kind; it
has uniform composition and properties
Isotopes - *answers* Atomso f the same element whose nuclei contain the same
number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons.
Mass Number - *answers* total number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus
Ratio of Electrons to Protons - *answers* Equal
Radioactive isotopes are: - *answers* unstable isotopes that emit radiation as their
nuclei decay into a stable configuration.
Atomic number = - *answers* number of protons
The first energy level can hold, at most: - *answers* 2 electrons
The second energy level can hold, at most: - *answers* 8 electrons
Surface of the atom is: - *answers* the outermost energy level
Valence Shell - *answers* the outermost shell or energy level
Activation Energy - *answers* the energy needed to initiate the reaction
Enzyme - *answers* Catalist - speeds up reaction time
A+B = AB - *answers* Synthesis or Anabolic Reations
, AB = A+B - *answers* Catabolic Reaction
A free radical is: - *answers* an electrically charged atom with an unpaired electron in
its outermost shell.
Ions - *answers* atoms or molecules that carry an electic charge, either positive or
negative.
Cations - *answers* ions with a positive charge
Anions - *answers* ions with a negative charge
Ionic Bonds - *answers* chemical bonds created by the electrical attraction between
anions and cations.
Covalent Bonds are: - *answers* Bonds between atoms that SHARE electrons with
each other
Sharing one PAIR of electons creates: - *answers* single covalent bond
Sharing two PAIRS of electrons creates: - *answers* double covalent bond
Nonpolar covalent bonds have - *answers* equal sharing of the electrons
Polar covalent bonds: - *answers* Unequal sharing of the electons occurs because the
elements differ in how strongly they attract electrons.
All of the reactions in the cells of the body at any given moment constitute: - *answers*
Metabolism
Kinetic Energy: - *answers* Energy of motion. Energy that can be transferred to another
object and perform work.
Potential Energy: - *answers* Stored energy. Energy that has the potential to do work.
Organic Compounds - *answers* Always contain Carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H).
Where is water usually found in the body? - *answers* Inside the cell, blood vessels,
plasma, brain, joints, extracellular fluid (ECF)
Solute: - *answers* Substances dispersed in a solvent.
Solvent: - *answers* The medium in which other atoms, ions, or molecules are
dispersed.
Chemical Level of Organization.
Smallest stable unit of matter: - *answers* Atoms
Atoms are composed of: - *answers* subatomic particles
Atomic particle with a positive electrical charge - *answers* Protons
Atomic particle with a negative electrical charge - *answers* Electrons
Neutral atomic particle - *answers* Neutron
The number of protons in an atom is known as its - *answers* atomic number
An Element is: - *answers* a pure substance composed of atoms of only one kind; it
has uniform composition and properties
Isotopes - *answers* Atomso f the same element whose nuclei contain the same
number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons.
Mass Number - *answers* total number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus
Ratio of Electrons to Protons - *answers* Equal
Radioactive isotopes are: - *answers* unstable isotopes that emit radiation as their
nuclei decay into a stable configuration.
Atomic number = - *answers* number of protons
The first energy level can hold, at most: - *answers* 2 electrons
The second energy level can hold, at most: - *answers* 8 electrons
Surface of the atom is: - *answers* the outermost energy level
Valence Shell - *answers* the outermost shell or energy level
Activation Energy - *answers* the energy needed to initiate the reaction
Enzyme - *answers* Catalist - speeds up reaction time
A+B = AB - *answers* Synthesis or Anabolic Reations
, AB = A+B - *answers* Catabolic Reaction
A free radical is: - *answers* an electrically charged atom with an unpaired electron in
its outermost shell.
Ions - *answers* atoms or molecules that carry an electic charge, either positive or
negative.
Cations - *answers* ions with a positive charge
Anions - *answers* ions with a negative charge
Ionic Bonds - *answers* chemical bonds created by the electrical attraction between
anions and cations.
Covalent Bonds are: - *answers* Bonds between atoms that SHARE electrons with
each other
Sharing one PAIR of electons creates: - *answers* single covalent bond
Sharing two PAIRS of electrons creates: - *answers* double covalent bond
Nonpolar covalent bonds have - *answers* equal sharing of the electrons
Polar covalent bonds: - *answers* Unequal sharing of the electons occurs because the
elements differ in how strongly they attract electrons.
All of the reactions in the cells of the body at any given moment constitute: - *answers*
Metabolism
Kinetic Energy: - *answers* Energy of motion. Energy that can be transferred to another
object and perform work.
Potential Energy: - *answers* Stored energy. Energy that has the potential to do work.
Organic Compounds - *answers* Always contain Carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H).
Where is water usually found in the body? - *answers* Inside the cell, blood vessels,
plasma, brain, joints, extracellular fluid (ECF)
Solute: - *answers* Substances dispersed in a solvent.
Solvent: - *answers* The medium in which other atoms, ions, or molecules are
dispersed.
