Solutions Manual For Chemistry The Central Science 14th
Edition By Theodore E. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay; Bruce E.
Bursten; Catherine Murphy; Patrick Woodward; Matthew E.
Chemistry - ANSWER:The scientific discipline that treats the composition, properties,
and transformations of matter.
Matter - ANSWER:Anything that occupies space and has mass; the physical material
of the universe.
The Scientific Method - ANSWER:a) Observation
b) Hypothesis
c) Prediction
d) Experiments
e) Results
f) Conclusions
Hypothesis - ANSWER:A testable statement.
Example: Temperature effects enzyme activity
Scientific Theory - ANSWER:Broader in scope than a hypothesis. Summarizes a broad
variety of observations and experiments.
Examples:
Cell Theory- the theory that all living things possess one or more cells.
The Theory of Evolution- the theory that all life evolved from a common ancestor.
Property - ANSWER:A characteristic that gives a sample of matter its unique identity.
Volume - ANSWER:Volume is a derived unit. It is length cubed.
Example: 1mL = 1cm^3 and 1L = 1m^3
Dependent and independent variable - ANSWER:Independent variable is on the x-
axis (this is what the scientist changes)
Dependent variable in on the y-axis (this is what changes in response to the
independent variable
Element - ANSWER:A substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by
chemical means.
Atom - ANSWER:The smallest representative particle of an element.
Molecule - ANSWER:A chemical combination of two or more atoms. Example:
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
, States of matter - ANSWER:The three forms that matter can assume: solid, liquid,
and gas.
Gas - ANSWER:Matter that has no fixed volume or shape; it conforms to the volume
and shape of its container.
Liquid - ANSWER:Matter that has a distinct volume but no specific shape.
Solid - ANSWER:Matter that has both a definite shape and a definite volume.
Pure substance - ANSWER:Matter that has a fixed composition and distinct
properties. Either elements or compounds are considered pure substances.
Example: NaCl, carbon, MgF2
Compound - ANSWER:A substance composed of two ore more elements united
chemically in definite proportions.
Mixture - ANSWER:A combination of two or more substances in which each
substance retains its own chemical identity.
Homogeneous mixture - ANSWER:Is mixture that has the same uniform appearance
and composition throughout. Many homogeneous mixtures are commonly referred
to as solutions.
Heterogeneous mixture - ANSWER:Is a mixture that composes of components that
aren't uniform or they have localized regions that all have different properties.
Law of constant composition - ANSWER:A law that states that the elemental
composition of a pure compound is always the same, regardless of its source; also
called the law of definite proportions.
Law of definite proportions - ANSWER:A law that states that the elemental
composition of a pure substance is always the same, regardless of its source; also
called the law of constant proportions.
Law of Multiple Proportions - ANSWER:When two elements form a compound, the
ratio of the mass of the second element and the mass of the first element will be
small whole number ratios.
Solution - ANSWER:A mixture of substances that has a uniform composition; a
homogeneous mixture. Example: salt water.
Solvent - ANSWER:The dissolving medium of the solution. The most common solvent
is water.
Solute - ANSWER:A substance dissolved in a solvent to form a solution. Example: salt
(NaCl) dissolved in water to make salt water.
Edition By Theodore E. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay; Bruce E.
Bursten; Catherine Murphy; Patrick Woodward; Matthew E.
Chemistry - ANSWER:The scientific discipline that treats the composition, properties,
and transformations of matter.
Matter - ANSWER:Anything that occupies space and has mass; the physical material
of the universe.
The Scientific Method - ANSWER:a) Observation
b) Hypothesis
c) Prediction
d) Experiments
e) Results
f) Conclusions
Hypothesis - ANSWER:A testable statement.
Example: Temperature effects enzyme activity
Scientific Theory - ANSWER:Broader in scope than a hypothesis. Summarizes a broad
variety of observations and experiments.
Examples:
Cell Theory- the theory that all living things possess one or more cells.
The Theory of Evolution- the theory that all life evolved from a common ancestor.
Property - ANSWER:A characteristic that gives a sample of matter its unique identity.
Volume - ANSWER:Volume is a derived unit. It is length cubed.
Example: 1mL = 1cm^3 and 1L = 1m^3
Dependent and independent variable - ANSWER:Independent variable is on the x-
axis (this is what the scientist changes)
Dependent variable in on the y-axis (this is what changes in response to the
independent variable
Element - ANSWER:A substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by
chemical means.
Atom - ANSWER:The smallest representative particle of an element.
Molecule - ANSWER:A chemical combination of two or more atoms. Example:
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
, States of matter - ANSWER:The three forms that matter can assume: solid, liquid,
and gas.
Gas - ANSWER:Matter that has no fixed volume or shape; it conforms to the volume
and shape of its container.
Liquid - ANSWER:Matter that has a distinct volume but no specific shape.
Solid - ANSWER:Matter that has both a definite shape and a definite volume.
Pure substance - ANSWER:Matter that has a fixed composition and distinct
properties. Either elements or compounds are considered pure substances.
Example: NaCl, carbon, MgF2
Compound - ANSWER:A substance composed of two ore more elements united
chemically in definite proportions.
Mixture - ANSWER:A combination of two or more substances in which each
substance retains its own chemical identity.
Homogeneous mixture - ANSWER:Is mixture that has the same uniform appearance
and composition throughout. Many homogeneous mixtures are commonly referred
to as solutions.
Heterogeneous mixture - ANSWER:Is a mixture that composes of components that
aren't uniform or they have localized regions that all have different properties.
Law of constant composition - ANSWER:A law that states that the elemental
composition of a pure compound is always the same, regardless of its source; also
called the law of definite proportions.
Law of definite proportions - ANSWER:A law that states that the elemental
composition of a pure substance is always the same, regardless of its source; also
called the law of constant proportions.
Law of Multiple Proportions - ANSWER:When two elements form a compound, the
ratio of the mass of the second element and the mass of the first element will be
small whole number ratios.
Solution - ANSWER:A mixture of substances that has a uniform composition; a
homogeneous mixture. Example: salt water.
Solvent - ANSWER:The dissolving medium of the solution. The most common solvent
is water.
Solute - ANSWER:A substance dissolved in a solvent to form a solution. Example: salt
(NaCl) dissolved in water to make salt water.
