Solutions Manual For Logic and Contemporary
Rhetoric: The Use of Reason in Everyday Life 12th
Edition By Nancy M. Cavender, Howard Kahane
ad hominem - ANSWER: an attack on one's opponent rather than one's opponent's
argument
affirming/asserting the consequent - ANSWER: arguing in a way that has the
following invalid form :
If a then b
B
A is true
analogical reasoning - ANSWER: reasoning from the similarity of two things in several
relevant respects to their similarity in another
appeal to authority - ANSWER: accepting the word of an authority, alleged or
genuine, when we should not
appeal to ignorance - ANSWER: believing that something is true because there is no
good evidence that it is false
background belief - ANSWER: a belief that is brought to bear in evaluating an
argument's cogency
begging the question - ANSWER: assuming as a premise some form of the very point
that is at issue-the conclusion we intend to prove
biased statistics - ANSWER: fallaciously reasoning from a sample that is insufficiently
representative of the population from which it is drawn
categorical proposition - ANSWER: a statement that asserts or denies a relationship
between a subject class and a predicate class
cogent reasoning - ANSWER: valid reasoning from justified premises that include all
likely relevant information
common practice - ANSWER: the fallacy in which a wrong is justified on the grounds
that lots or most others do that sort of thing
composition - ANSWER: the fallacy in which it is argued that a particular item must
have a certain property because all or most of its parts have it
contingent statement - ANSWER: a statement that is neither necessarily true
(tautology) nor necessarily false (inconsistent/ a contradiction)
, contradiction - ANSWER: a statement that is necessarily false
deductively valid - ANSWER: an argument the truth of whose premises guarantees
the truth of its conclusion, so that if its premises are true, then its conclusion must
be true also
denial - ANSWER: denying the existence of painful situations, thoughts, or feeling or
reinterpreting them to make them seem less threatening
dilemma - ANSWER: an argument that presents two alternative courses of action,
both claimed to be bad
division - ANSWER: the fallacy in which it is assumed that all (or some) of the parts of
an item have a particular property because the item as a whole has that property
equivocation - ANSWER: use of a term in a passage to mean one thing in one place
and something else in another
evading the issue - ANSWER: a fallacy in which a question at issue is avoided while
appearing not to
fallacious reasoning - ANSWER: reasoning that is not cogent, because it suppresses
relevant evidence, contains a questionable premise, or is invalid
false dilemma - ANSWER: a dilemma that can be shown to be false because either
one of its premises is false or there is a third alternative
herd instinct - ANSWER: the tendency to keep our beliefs, and thus our actions,
within the bounds of what society as a whole will accept
hypothetical syllogism - ANSWER: a deductively valid argument having the following
form:
If a then b
If b then c
If a then c (true)
inconsistent - ANSWER: contradictory
indirect proof - ANSWER: an argument in which the opposite of a desired conclusion
is assumed as a premise, leading to a conclusion that is false, contradictory, or
patently absurd, justifying acceptance of the desired conclusion
induction - ANSWER: reasoning that a pattern of some sort experienced so far will
continue into the future
irrelevant reason - ANSWER: a broad fallacy category containing several narrower
fallacies in which a premise of an argument is irrelevant to its conclusion
Rhetoric: The Use of Reason in Everyday Life 12th
Edition By Nancy M. Cavender, Howard Kahane
ad hominem - ANSWER: an attack on one's opponent rather than one's opponent's
argument
affirming/asserting the consequent - ANSWER: arguing in a way that has the
following invalid form :
If a then b
B
A is true
analogical reasoning - ANSWER: reasoning from the similarity of two things in several
relevant respects to their similarity in another
appeal to authority - ANSWER: accepting the word of an authority, alleged or
genuine, when we should not
appeal to ignorance - ANSWER: believing that something is true because there is no
good evidence that it is false
background belief - ANSWER: a belief that is brought to bear in evaluating an
argument's cogency
begging the question - ANSWER: assuming as a premise some form of the very point
that is at issue-the conclusion we intend to prove
biased statistics - ANSWER: fallaciously reasoning from a sample that is insufficiently
representative of the population from which it is drawn
categorical proposition - ANSWER: a statement that asserts or denies a relationship
between a subject class and a predicate class
cogent reasoning - ANSWER: valid reasoning from justified premises that include all
likely relevant information
common practice - ANSWER: the fallacy in which a wrong is justified on the grounds
that lots or most others do that sort of thing
composition - ANSWER: the fallacy in which it is argued that a particular item must
have a certain property because all or most of its parts have it
contingent statement - ANSWER: a statement that is neither necessarily true
(tautology) nor necessarily false (inconsistent/ a contradiction)
, contradiction - ANSWER: a statement that is necessarily false
deductively valid - ANSWER: an argument the truth of whose premises guarantees
the truth of its conclusion, so that if its premises are true, then its conclusion must
be true also
denial - ANSWER: denying the existence of painful situations, thoughts, or feeling or
reinterpreting them to make them seem less threatening
dilemma - ANSWER: an argument that presents two alternative courses of action,
both claimed to be bad
division - ANSWER: the fallacy in which it is assumed that all (or some) of the parts of
an item have a particular property because the item as a whole has that property
equivocation - ANSWER: use of a term in a passage to mean one thing in one place
and something else in another
evading the issue - ANSWER: a fallacy in which a question at issue is avoided while
appearing not to
fallacious reasoning - ANSWER: reasoning that is not cogent, because it suppresses
relevant evidence, contains a questionable premise, or is invalid
false dilemma - ANSWER: a dilemma that can be shown to be false because either
one of its premises is false or there is a third alternative
herd instinct - ANSWER: the tendency to keep our beliefs, and thus our actions,
within the bounds of what society as a whole will accept
hypothetical syllogism - ANSWER: a deductively valid argument having the following
form:
If a then b
If b then c
If a then c (true)
inconsistent - ANSWER: contradictory
indirect proof - ANSWER: an argument in which the opposite of a desired conclusion
is assumed as a premise, leading to a conclusion that is false, contradictory, or
patently absurd, justifying acceptance of the desired conclusion
induction - ANSWER: reasoning that a pattern of some sort experienced so far will
continue into the future
irrelevant reason - ANSWER: a broad fallacy category containing several narrower
fallacies in which a premise of an argument is irrelevant to its conclusion
