Solutions Manual For Logic and Contemporary
Rhetoric: The Use of Reason in Everyday Life 12th
Edition By Nancy M. Cavender, Howard Kahane
What is an art? - ANSWER: any carefully reasoned-out study pursued for the purpose
of making something
What is the art of reasoning? - ANSWER: Logic
What is wisdom concerned with? - ANSWER: causes and principles
How is a science defined? - ANSWER: According to its objects and the means by
which knowledge of such objects is acquired
What are the three operations of reason or the three acts of the intellect? -
ANSWER: Simple apprehension, composition and division, and discursive reasoning
What is simple apprehension? - ANSWER: the understanding of simple objects, or
the operation by which the intellect apprehends just the essence of a thing alone.
What does a logical definition attempt to do? - ANSWER: seeks to identify what a
thing is by means of a genus and specific difference
What is a genus and what is a specific difference (as they relate to definitions)? -
ANSWER: A genus is the broad group within which we place whatever we seek to
define. A specific difference is what distinguishes what we seek to define from other
things.
What is composition and division and what does it help us do? - ANSWER: an
attempt to understand how objects relate to one another in order to yield
statements, or definite claims about what is and what is not true
What are statements or propositions? - ANSWER: complete thoughts expressing an
understanding of what is true or what is false
What is discursive reasoning? - ANSWER: the act by which reason proceeds from
what is known to the investigation of things that are unknown
What is a syllogism? - ANSWER: an argument involving two statements (called
premises) which, when taken together, entail another statement (a conclusion),
thereby yielding new knowledge
What is the form of an argument? - ANSWER: Its logical structure (the relation of the
terms within each proposition and the relation of the premises to one another as
well as the conclusion), from which we can determine validity
, What is the matter of an argument? - ANSWER: the actual content of a syllogism,
from which we can determine whether it is true or false
What is a name? - ANSWER: any vocal expression intended to signify our grasp of
what something is
What are the rules of thumb for naming things? - ANSWER: Choose names that are
1. Most concrete and closest to sense experiences
2. Closest to our native tongue
3. Most common
What is a sign? - ANSWER: that which, over and beyond the impression it produces
on the sense, brings to the mind something other than itself.
What is a natural sign and what are the two types? - ANSWER: a sign which most
evidently leads us from one thing to another immediately (smoke is a natural sign of
fire), and purely natural signs & natural signs by intent
What are purely natural signs and what are natural signs by intent? - ANSWER: those
signifying nature without intent and those which, in addition to signifying by nature,
also involve some intention or desire to communicate. (groaning out of pain is a
purely natural sign, whereas groaning to let others know one is in pain is a natural
sign by intent)
What is a conventional sign (also known as an artifact)? - ANSWER: a conventional
sign owes its signification to human reason and will as opposed to nature. the
relation between such a sign and what it signifies is made deliberately (and even
arbitrarily) by human will
What are formal signs? - ANSWER: an interior sign...within a knowing power (our
ability to grasp both natural and conventional signs depend on formal signs)
What are the three ways of naming things? - ANSWER: Equivocal, univocal, and
denominative
What are the two "more basic ways of naming things"? - ANSWER: Proper naming,
or when we impose a name that really applies to the thing named, and figurative
naming, or when we name things figuratively
What is equivocal naming? - ANSWER: When the name is the same, but what the
name signifies in each case is different
What is univocal naming? - ANSWER: When the name and the account are the same
When does purely equivocal naming occur? - ANSWER: when there is no natural
order by which reason proceeds from understanding and naming one thing to
Rhetoric: The Use of Reason in Everyday Life 12th
Edition By Nancy M. Cavender, Howard Kahane
What is an art? - ANSWER: any carefully reasoned-out study pursued for the purpose
of making something
What is the art of reasoning? - ANSWER: Logic
What is wisdom concerned with? - ANSWER: causes and principles
How is a science defined? - ANSWER: According to its objects and the means by
which knowledge of such objects is acquired
What are the three operations of reason or the three acts of the intellect? -
ANSWER: Simple apprehension, composition and division, and discursive reasoning
What is simple apprehension? - ANSWER: the understanding of simple objects, or
the operation by which the intellect apprehends just the essence of a thing alone.
What does a logical definition attempt to do? - ANSWER: seeks to identify what a
thing is by means of a genus and specific difference
What is a genus and what is a specific difference (as they relate to definitions)? -
ANSWER: A genus is the broad group within which we place whatever we seek to
define. A specific difference is what distinguishes what we seek to define from other
things.
What is composition and division and what does it help us do? - ANSWER: an
attempt to understand how objects relate to one another in order to yield
statements, or definite claims about what is and what is not true
What are statements or propositions? - ANSWER: complete thoughts expressing an
understanding of what is true or what is false
What is discursive reasoning? - ANSWER: the act by which reason proceeds from
what is known to the investigation of things that are unknown
What is a syllogism? - ANSWER: an argument involving two statements (called
premises) which, when taken together, entail another statement (a conclusion),
thereby yielding new knowledge
What is the form of an argument? - ANSWER: Its logical structure (the relation of the
terms within each proposition and the relation of the premises to one another as
well as the conclusion), from which we can determine validity
, What is the matter of an argument? - ANSWER: the actual content of a syllogism,
from which we can determine whether it is true or false
What is a name? - ANSWER: any vocal expression intended to signify our grasp of
what something is
What are the rules of thumb for naming things? - ANSWER: Choose names that are
1. Most concrete and closest to sense experiences
2. Closest to our native tongue
3. Most common
What is a sign? - ANSWER: that which, over and beyond the impression it produces
on the sense, brings to the mind something other than itself.
What is a natural sign and what are the two types? - ANSWER: a sign which most
evidently leads us from one thing to another immediately (smoke is a natural sign of
fire), and purely natural signs & natural signs by intent
What are purely natural signs and what are natural signs by intent? - ANSWER: those
signifying nature without intent and those which, in addition to signifying by nature,
also involve some intention or desire to communicate. (groaning out of pain is a
purely natural sign, whereas groaning to let others know one is in pain is a natural
sign by intent)
What is a conventional sign (also known as an artifact)? - ANSWER: a conventional
sign owes its signification to human reason and will as opposed to nature. the
relation between such a sign and what it signifies is made deliberately (and even
arbitrarily) by human will
What are formal signs? - ANSWER: an interior sign...within a knowing power (our
ability to grasp both natural and conventional signs depend on formal signs)
What are the three ways of naming things? - ANSWER: Equivocal, univocal, and
denominative
What are the two "more basic ways of naming things"? - ANSWER: Proper naming,
or when we impose a name that really applies to the thing named, and figurative
naming, or when we name things figuratively
What is equivocal naming? - ANSWER: When the name is the same, but what the
name signifies in each case is different
What is univocal naming? - ANSWER: When the name and the account are the same
When does purely equivocal naming occur? - ANSWER: when there is no natural
order by which reason proceeds from understanding and naming one thing to
