Test Bank For Biopsychology: Fundamentals and
Contemporary Issues v1.0 1st Edition By Martin S. Shapiro
consciousness - ANSWER: our awareness of ourselves and our environment.
biological rhythms - ANSWER: periodic physiological fluctuations.
circadian (ser-KAY-dee-an) rhythm - ANSWER: the biological clock; regular bodily
rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour
cycle.
REM sleep - ANSWER: rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during
which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the
muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active.
alpha waves - ANSWER: the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state.
delta waves - ANSWER: the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep.
hallucinations - ANSWER: false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the
absence of an external visual stimulus.
sleep - ANSWER: periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness—as distinct from
unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation.
insomnia - ANSWER: recurring problems in falling or staying asleep.
narcolepsy - ANSWER: a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks.
The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.
night terrors - ANSWER: a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an
appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during Stage 4
sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered.
sleep apnea - ANSWER: a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of
breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings.
dream - ANSWER: a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a
sleeping person's mind. Dreams are notable for their hallucinatory imagery,
discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer's delusional acceptance of the
content and later difficulties remembering it.
manifest content - ANSWER: according to Freud, the remembered story line of a
dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content).
, latent content - ANSWER: according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as
distinct from its manifest content). Freud believed that a dream's latent content
functions as a safety valve.
REM rebound - ANSWER: the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM
sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep).
hypnosis - ANSWER: a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests
to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will
spontaneously occur.
posthypnotic suggestion - ANSWER: a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to
be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to
help control undesired symptoms and behaviors.
dissociation - ANSWER: a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and
behaviors to occur simultaneously with others.
psychoactive drug - ANSWER: a chemical substance that alters perceptions and
mood.
addiction - ANSWER: compulsive drug craving and use.
physical dependence - ANSWER: a physiological need for a drug, marked by
unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued.
psychological dependence - ANSWER: a psychological need to use a drug, such as to
relieve negative emotions.
tolerance - ANSWER: the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a
drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the
drug's effect.
withdrawal - ANSWER: the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use
of an addictive drug.
depressants - ANSWER: drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that
reduce neural activity and slow body functions.
Amphetamines - ANSWER: drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up
body functions and associated energy and mood changes.
barbiturates - ANSWER: drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous
system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment.
Contemporary Issues v1.0 1st Edition By Martin S. Shapiro
consciousness - ANSWER: our awareness of ourselves and our environment.
biological rhythms - ANSWER: periodic physiological fluctuations.
circadian (ser-KAY-dee-an) rhythm - ANSWER: the biological clock; regular bodily
rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour
cycle.
REM sleep - ANSWER: rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during
which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the
muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active.
alpha waves - ANSWER: the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state.
delta waves - ANSWER: the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep.
hallucinations - ANSWER: false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the
absence of an external visual stimulus.
sleep - ANSWER: periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness—as distinct from
unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation.
insomnia - ANSWER: recurring problems in falling or staying asleep.
narcolepsy - ANSWER: a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks.
The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.
night terrors - ANSWER: a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an
appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during Stage 4
sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered.
sleep apnea - ANSWER: a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of
breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings.
dream - ANSWER: a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a
sleeping person's mind. Dreams are notable for their hallucinatory imagery,
discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer's delusional acceptance of the
content and later difficulties remembering it.
manifest content - ANSWER: according to Freud, the remembered story line of a
dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content).
, latent content - ANSWER: according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as
distinct from its manifest content). Freud believed that a dream's latent content
functions as a safety valve.
REM rebound - ANSWER: the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM
sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep).
hypnosis - ANSWER: a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests
to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will
spontaneously occur.
posthypnotic suggestion - ANSWER: a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to
be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to
help control undesired symptoms and behaviors.
dissociation - ANSWER: a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and
behaviors to occur simultaneously with others.
psychoactive drug - ANSWER: a chemical substance that alters perceptions and
mood.
addiction - ANSWER: compulsive drug craving and use.
physical dependence - ANSWER: a physiological need for a drug, marked by
unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued.
psychological dependence - ANSWER: a psychological need to use a drug, such as to
relieve negative emotions.
tolerance - ANSWER: the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a
drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the
drug's effect.
withdrawal - ANSWER: the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use
of an addictive drug.
depressants - ANSWER: drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that
reduce neural activity and slow body functions.
Amphetamines - ANSWER: drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up
body functions and associated energy and mood changes.
barbiturates - ANSWER: drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous
system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment.
