Test Bank For Kaplan and Sadock's Comprehensive
Textbook of Psychiatry 10th Edition By Benjamin J.
Sadock; Virginia A. Sadock; Pedro Ruiz 9781451100471
Who created a broad theoretical system for the development of cognitive abilities? -
ANSWER:Jean Piaget
What is epistemology? - ANSWER:Study of development of abstract thought on the
basis of a biological or innate substrate
According to Piaget, what are the four major stages that lead to the capacity for
adult thought and and what age range does each occur? - ANSWER:Sensorimotor
(birth to 2 years), preoperational thought (2 to 7 years), concrete operations (7 to 11
years), and formal operations (11 through adolescence)
In what stage of Piaget development does the child understand that melted ice in
the form of water can turn back to water (reversibility)? - ANSWER:Concrete
operations
A child believe that bad thoughts cause accidents. What is this called and in what
stage of Piaget development does it occur? - ANSWER:Phenomenalistic causality;
Preoperational thought
What are the critical developmental achievements of the sensorimotor stage? -
ANSWER:Object permanence and symbolization
A child recognizes that when a ball of clay is rolled into a sausage shape there is still
the same amount of clay. What ability is this child demonstrating and during what
stage of Piaget development does this occur? - ANSWER:Conservation; Concrete
operations
What is the tendency to endow physical events and objects with life-like
psychological attributes and in what Piaget stage of development does this occur? -
ANSWER:Animistic thinking; Preoperational
In the Piaget stage of concrete operations, what is egocentric thought replaced by? -
ANSWER:Operational thought which involves dealing with a wide array of
information outside of the child. Children can now see things from someone's else
perspective
All horses are mammals, all mammals are warm blooded, therefore all horses are
warm blooded...this is what type of reasoning and during what stage of Piaget
development does it occur? - ANSWER:Syllogistic reasoning; Concrete operations
,Who studied infant attachment and separation and pointed out that mother-child
attachment was an essential medium of human interaction that had important
consequences for later development? - ANSWER:John Bowlby
Who demonstrated the emotional and behavioral effects of isolating monkeys form
birth and keeping them from forming attachments? - ANSWER:Harry Harlow
Mary Ainsworth is know for describing what 3 main types of insecure attachment? -
ANSWER:Insecure-avoident, insecure-ambivalent, and insecure-disorganized
65% of infants are securely attached by what age? - ANSWER:25 months
What are the three types of signal indicators in infants? - ANSWER:Hunger, anger,
and pain
What are the three sequences of behavior patterns in children that are operated
from their mothers for long periods of time? - ANSWER:Protest, despair, and
detachment
In Pavlovian conditioning, what are the following called...food, bell, new response to
the bell, and the natural response to the food itself? - ANSWER:Unconditional
stimulus, conditional stimulus, conditional response, and unconditional response
Who was Pavlovian conditioning developed by? - ANSWER:Ivan Pavlov
Who was operant conditioning developed by? - ANSWER:B.F. Skinner
What is Pavlovian conditioning? - ANSWER:Occurs when neutral stimuli are
associated with a psychologically significant event
What is operant conditioning? - ANSWER:Occurs when a behavior (instead of a
stimulus) is associated with a psychologically significant event
What is sign tracking? - ANSWER:When a CS signals a positive US, the CS will tend to
evoke approach behaviors
What is extinction? - ANSWER:Learned behavior decreases when the US or reinforcer
A person who gets sick of drinking an alcoholic beverage and consequently learns to
hate the flavor is an example of what type of conditioning? - ANSWER:Pavlovian
conditioning
Give an example of a compensatory response? - ANSWER:Alcohol causes a drop in
body temperature, a conditioned response to a CS associated with alcohol is typically
an increase in body temperature
, What is it called when some stimuli are especially effective signals for some USs
because evolution has made them that way? - ANSWER:Preparedness
How does extinction occur? - ANSWER:Conditioned response decreases if the CS is
presented repeatedly without the US after conditioning
How does counterconditioning occur? - ANSWER:CS is paired with a very different
US/UR
What is a drug that can be used to improve long-term potentiation and can possibly
facilitate extinction learning in humans undergoing exposure therapy for anxiety
disorders and which receptor does it work on? - ANSWER:D-cycloserine; N-methyl-D-
aspartate (NMDA)
What is a reinforcer? - ANSWER:Any event that could be shown to increase the
strength of an operant if it was made a consequence of the operant
What is incentive learning and give and example? - ANSWER:Process of learning
about the effects the reinforcer has on the motivational state; Hunger invigorated
the instrumental action only if the animal had previously experienced the reinforcer
in that state
Figure 2.3-3 - ANSWER:Page 108-109
What biological changes occur during short-lasting plasticity? - ANSWER:Increase in
neurotransmitter release
What biological changes occur during long-lasting plasticity? - ANSWER:New protein
synthesis, physical growth of neural processes, and an increase in the number of
synaptic connections
What are the main cortical pathways for visual information starting after the primary
visual cortex? - ANSWER:Ventrally to the inferotemporal cortex (identification of
visual objects) and dorsally to the parietal cortex (processes information about
spatial location)
Alcoholic Korsakoff's syndrome causes amnesia due to destruction in what area of
the brain? - ANSWER:Diencephalon
Figure 2.4-3 - ANSWER:Page 114
Amnesia effects what kind of memory? - ANSWER:Declarative memory
What is declarative memory? - ANSWER:Conscious recollection of facts and events
What abilities are included in non-declarative learning? - ANSWER:Skill learning,
habit learning, simple forms of conditioning, and priming
Textbook of Psychiatry 10th Edition By Benjamin J.
Sadock; Virginia A. Sadock; Pedro Ruiz 9781451100471
Who created a broad theoretical system for the development of cognitive abilities? -
ANSWER:Jean Piaget
What is epistemology? - ANSWER:Study of development of abstract thought on the
basis of a biological or innate substrate
According to Piaget, what are the four major stages that lead to the capacity for
adult thought and and what age range does each occur? - ANSWER:Sensorimotor
(birth to 2 years), preoperational thought (2 to 7 years), concrete operations (7 to 11
years), and formal operations (11 through adolescence)
In what stage of Piaget development does the child understand that melted ice in
the form of water can turn back to water (reversibility)? - ANSWER:Concrete
operations
A child believe that bad thoughts cause accidents. What is this called and in what
stage of Piaget development does it occur? - ANSWER:Phenomenalistic causality;
Preoperational thought
What are the critical developmental achievements of the sensorimotor stage? -
ANSWER:Object permanence and symbolization
A child recognizes that when a ball of clay is rolled into a sausage shape there is still
the same amount of clay. What ability is this child demonstrating and during what
stage of Piaget development does this occur? - ANSWER:Conservation; Concrete
operations
What is the tendency to endow physical events and objects with life-like
psychological attributes and in what Piaget stage of development does this occur? -
ANSWER:Animistic thinking; Preoperational
In the Piaget stage of concrete operations, what is egocentric thought replaced by? -
ANSWER:Operational thought which involves dealing with a wide array of
information outside of the child. Children can now see things from someone's else
perspective
All horses are mammals, all mammals are warm blooded, therefore all horses are
warm blooded...this is what type of reasoning and during what stage of Piaget
development does it occur? - ANSWER:Syllogistic reasoning; Concrete operations
,Who studied infant attachment and separation and pointed out that mother-child
attachment was an essential medium of human interaction that had important
consequences for later development? - ANSWER:John Bowlby
Who demonstrated the emotional and behavioral effects of isolating monkeys form
birth and keeping them from forming attachments? - ANSWER:Harry Harlow
Mary Ainsworth is know for describing what 3 main types of insecure attachment? -
ANSWER:Insecure-avoident, insecure-ambivalent, and insecure-disorganized
65% of infants are securely attached by what age? - ANSWER:25 months
What are the three types of signal indicators in infants? - ANSWER:Hunger, anger,
and pain
What are the three sequences of behavior patterns in children that are operated
from their mothers for long periods of time? - ANSWER:Protest, despair, and
detachment
In Pavlovian conditioning, what are the following called...food, bell, new response to
the bell, and the natural response to the food itself? - ANSWER:Unconditional
stimulus, conditional stimulus, conditional response, and unconditional response
Who was Pavlovian conditioning developed by? - ANSWER:Ivan Pavlov
Who was operant conditioning developed by? - ANSWER:B.F. Skinner
What is Pavlovian conditioning? - ANSWER:Occurs when neutral stimuli are
associated with a psychologically significant event
What is operant conditioning? - ANSWER:Occurs when a behavior (instead of a
stimulus) is associated with a psychologically significant event
What is sign tracking? - ANSWER:When a CS signals a positive US, the CS will tend to
evoke approach behaviors
What is extinction? - ANSWER:Learned behavior decreases when the US or reinforcer
A person who gets sick of drinking an alcoholic beverage and consequently learns to
hate the flavor is an example of what type of conditioning? - ANSWER:Pavlovian
conditioning
Give an example of a compensatory response? - ANSWER:Alcohol causes a drop in
body temperature, a conditioned response to a CS associated with alcohol is typically
an increase in body temperature
, What is it called when some stimuli are especially effective signals for some USs
because evolution has made them that way? - ANSWER:Preparedness
How does extinction occur? - ANSWER:Conditioned response decreases if the CS is
presented repeatedly without the US after conditioning
How does counterconditioning occur? - ANSWER:CS is paired with a very different
US/UR
What is a drug that can be used to improve long-term potentiation and can possibly
facilitate extinction learning in humans undergoing exposure therapy for anxiety
disorders and which receptor does it work on? - ANSWER:D-cycloserine; N-methyl-D-
aspartate (NMDA)
What is a reinforcer? - ANSWER:Any event that could be shown to increase the
strength of an operant if it was made a consequence of the operant
What is incentive learning and give and example? - ANSWER:Process of learning
about the effects the reinforcer has on the motivational state; Hunger invigorated
the instrumental action only if the animal had previously experienced the reinforcer
in that state
Figure 2.3-3 - ANSWER:Page 108-109
What biological changes occur during short-lasting plasticity? - ANSWER:Increase in
neurotransmitter release
What biological changes occur during long-lasting plasticity? - ANSWER:New protein
synthesis, physical growth of neural processes, and an increase in the number of
synaptic connections
What are the main cortical pathways for visual information starting after the primary
visual cortex? - ANSWER:Ventrally to the inferotemporal cortex (identification of
visual objects) and dorsally to the parietal cortex (processes information about
spatial location)
Alcoholic Korsakoff's syndrome causes amnesia due to destruction in what area of
the brain? - ANSWER:Diencephalon
Figure 2.4-3 - ANSWER:Page 114
Amnesia effects what kind of memory? - ANSWER:Declarative memory
What is declarative memory? - ANSWER:Conscious recollection of facts and events
What abilities are included in non-declarative learning? - ANSWER:Skill learning,
habit learning, simple forms of conditioning, and priming
