Microbiology 2nd Edition Norman McKay By Lourdes P.
Norman-McKay
What is the concept of spontaneous generation? - ANSWER:living organisms could
develop from nonliving or decomposing matter
Who challenged the concept of spontaneous generation by showing that maggots on
decaying meat came from flies, not from the meat itself? - ANSWER:Francesco Redi
Who showed that mutton broth boiled in flasks and then sealed could still develop
microorganisms, which supported the theory of spontaneous generation? -
ANSWER:John Needham
Who showed that flasks sealed and then boiled had no growth of microorganisms? -
ANSWER:Lazzaro Spallanzani
Who proposed that air carried germs? - ANSWER:Spallanzani
Who disproved the theory of spontaneous generation? - ANSWER:Louis Pasteur
Who demonstrated that dust carried microbes and proved evidence for the
existence of heat- resistant forms of bacteria? - ANSWER:John Tyndall
Who showed that a silkworm disease was caused by a fungus? - ANSWER:Agostino
Bassi
Who demonstrated that the Great Potato Blight was caused by a water mold? -
ANSWER:M. J. Berkely
Who showed that the pebrine disease of silkworms was caused by a protozoan
parasite? - ANSWER:Louis Pasteur
Who developed a system of surgery designed to prevent microorganisms from
entering wounds? - ANSWER:John Lister
Who transformed the practice of surgery? - ANSWER:John Lister
Who established the relationship between Bacillus anthracis and anthrax? -
ANSWER:Robert Koch
What are the Koch Postulates? - ANSWER:1.The microorganisms must be present in
every case of the disease but absent from healthy individuals
2.The suspected microorganisms must be isolated and grown in pure culture
,3. The same disease must result when the isolated microorganism is inoculated into
a healthy host
4. The same microorganism must be isolated again from the diseased host
Limitations of Koch's Postulates - ANSWER:-Some organisms cannot be grown in
pure culture
-Using humans in completing the postulates is unethical
-Molecular and genetic evidence may replace
What vaccination did Edward Jenner make? - ANSWER:smallpox vaccination
What vaccinations did Pasteur produce? - ANSWER:chicken cholera, rabies and
anthrax
Who induced formation of dipped toxin-antitoxins rabbits - ANSWER:Emil von
Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato
Who showed that the silkworm disease was caused by fungus? - ANSWER:Bassi
Who demonstrated that the Great Potato Blight of Ireland was caused by a water
mold? - ANSWER:M.J. Berkeley
Who showed that the perbrine disease of silkworms was caused by a protozoan
parasite? - ANSWER:Louis Pasteur
A simple morphology and lack a true membrane-delimited nucleus -
ANSWER:prokaryotes
What is a morphologically complex and has a membrane-enclosed nucleus? -
ANSWER:Eucaryotes
What let to the discovery of viruses as disease causing agents? - ANSWER:bacterial
filter that removed bacteria and larger microbes (Charles Chamberland)
The five kingdom classification scheme is - ANSWER:the Monera or Procaryotae,
Protista, Fungi, Animalia, and Plantae
What are ribozymes? - ANSWER:RNA molecules that form peptide bonds and
perform cellular work and replication
The three domain scheme is - ANSWER:Bacteria, Archaea, and Eucarya
The three domain scheme is based on? - ANSWER:a comparaison of ribosomal RNA
The earliest cells may have been - ANSWER:RNA surrounded by liposomes
What are the three bacterial morphology? - ANSWER:-bacillus (little rod)
,-coccus (grain or berry)
-spirillum (coiled or helical)
What are the types of light microscopes? - ANSWER:-bright-field microscope
-dark-field microscope
-phase-contrast microscope
-fluorescence microscopes
What is a measure of how greatly a substance slows the velocity of light? -
ANSWER:Refractive index
The direction and magnitude of bending light in a microscope is determined by the
_____ - ANSWER:refractive indexes of the two media forming the interface
Which microscope produces a dark image against a brighter background? -
ANSWER:the bright-field microscope
What is the product of the magnifications of the ocular lens and the objective lens? -
ANSWER:the total magnification
What is the total magnification of the bright field, dark field, and phase-contrast
microscopes? - ANSWER:2000x
What is the total resolution of the bright field, dark field, and phase contrast
microscopes? - ANSWER:0.2um
What is the purpose of the bright field microscope? - ANSWER:for live and preserved
stained specimens
What is the purpose of the dark field microscope? - ANSWER:to observe living,
unstained preparations
Which microscopes are good for observing living cells? - ANSWER:-The Differential
Interference Contrast Microscope
-Phase-contrast microscope
Which microscope enhances the contrast between intracellular structures having
slight differences in the refractive index? - ANSWER:phase-contrast microscope
Which microscope shows a bright image of the object resulting from the fluorescent
light emitted by the specimen? - ANSWER:the fluorescence microscope
The fluorescence microscope exposes the specimen to what types of light? -
ANSWER:uv, violet, or blue
The distance between the center of the lens and focal point? - ANSWER:focal length
, The shorter the focal point, the ______ the magnification - ANSWER:greater
The shorter the wavelength, the ______ the resolution - ANSWER:greater
The distance between the front surface of lens and surface of cover glass on
specimen - ANSWER:Working distance
As the working distance decrease, the field of view _____ - ANSWER:decrease
As the field of view decrease, the light gets ____ - ANSWER:dimmer
What is the purpose of adding the immersion oil? - ANSWER:to obtain more light by
providing the same refraction energy as glass
As the magnification increases, what happens to the focal length? - ANSWER:it
decrease
What is the charge of a bacteria cell surface? - ANSWER:negative charge
What is the charge of basic dyes? - ANSWER:positive charge
What is the charge of acid dyes? - ANSWER:negative charge
A thin, uniform film of bacterial growth on a glass slide in order to proceed with
further staining for microscopic examination - ANSWER:smear
The process by which organism is killed and firmly attached to microscope slide -
ANSWER:fixation
Heat fixation vs. Chemical fixing (not the procedure) - ANSWER:-heat fixation
preserves overall shape but not internal structures
-chemical fixing protects fine cellular structure and shape of larger, more delicate
organisms
What information does differential staining provide? - ANSWER:divides
microorganisms into groups based on their staining properties
What is the most widely used differential staining procedure? - ANSWER:gram
staining
Negative staining - ANSWER:the bacteria is not stained; the background is stained
What is shadowing in electron microscopy? - ANSWER:coating specimen with a thin
film of heavy metal
What is the total magnification of the Transmission Electron Microscope and the
Scanning Electron Microscope? - ANSWER:1,000,000x
Norman-McKay
What is the concept of spontaneous generation? - ANSWER:living organisms could
develop from nonliving or decomposing matter
Who challenged the concept of spontaneous generation by showing that maggots on
decaying meat came from flies, not from the meat itself? - ANSWER:Francesco Redi
Who showed that mutton broth boiled in flasks and then sealed could still develop
microorganisms, which supported the theory of spontaneous generation? -
ANSWER:John Needham
Who showed that flasks sealed and then boiled had no growth of microorganisms? -
ANSWER:Lazzaro Spallanzani
Who proposed that air carried germs? - ANSWER:Spallanzani
Who disproved the theory of spontaneous generation? - ANSWER:Louis Pasteur
Who demonstrated that dust carried microbes and proved evidence for the
existence of heat- resistant forms of bacteria? - ANSWER:John Tyndall
Who showed that a silkworm disease was caused by a fungus? - ANSWER:Agostino
Bassi
Who demonstrated that the Great Potato Blight was caused by a water mold? -
ANSWER:M. J. Berkely
Who showed that the pebrine disease of silkworms was caused by a protozoan
parasite? - ANSWER:Louis Pasteur
Who developed a system of surgery designed to prevent microorganisms from
entering wounds? - ANSWER:John Lister
Who transformed the practice of surgery? - ANSWER:John Lister
Who established the relationship between Bacillus anthracis and anthrax? -
ANSWER:Robert Koch
What are the Koch Postulates? - ANSWER:1.The microorganisms must be present in
every case of the disease but absent from healthy individuals
2.The suspected microorganisms must be isolated and grown in pure culture
,3. The same disease must result when the isolated microorganism is inoculated into
a healthy host
4. The same microorganism must be isolated again from the diseased host
Limitations of Koch's Postulates - ANSWER:-Some organisms cannot be grown in
pure culture
-Using humans in completing the postulates is unethical
-Molecular and genetic evidence may replace
What vaccination did Edward Jenner make? - ANSWER:smallpox vaccination
What vaccinations did Pasteur produce? - ANSWER:chicken cholera, rabies and
anthrax
Who induced formation of dipped toxin-antitoxins rabbits - ANSWER:Emil von
Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato
Who showed that the silkworm disease was caused by fungus? - ANSWER:Bassi
Who demonstrated that the Great Potato Blight of Ireland was caused by a water
mold? - ANSWER:M.J. Berkeley
Who showed that the perbrine disease of silkworms was caused by a protozoan
parasite? - ANSWER:Louis Pasteur
A simple morphology and lack a true membrane-delimited nucleus -
ANSWER:prokaryotes
What is a morphologically complex and has a membrane-enclosed nucleus? -
ANSWER:Eucaryotes
What let to the discovery of viruses as disease causing agents? - ANSWER:bacterial
filter that removed bacteria and larger microbes (Charles Chamberland)
The five kingdom classification scheme is - ANSWER:the Monera or Procaryotae,
Protista, Fungi, Animalia, and Plantae
What are ribozymes? - ANSWER:RNA molecules that form peptide bonds and
perform cellular work and replication
The three domain scheme is - ANSWER:Bacteria, Archaea, and Eucarya
The three domain scheme is based on? - ANSWER:a comparaison of ribosomal RNA
The earliest cells may have been - ANSWER:RNA surrounded by liposomes
What are the three bacterial morphology? - ANSWER:-bacillus (little rod)
,-coccus (grain or berry)
-spirillum (coiled or helical)
What are the types of light microscopes? - ANSWER:-bright-field microscope
-dark-field microscope
-phase-contrast microscope
-fluorescence microscopes
What is a measure of how greatly a substance slows the velocity of light? -
ANSWER:Refractive index
The direction and magnitude of bending light in a microscope is determined by the
_____ - ANSWER:refractive indexes of the two media forming the interface
Which microscope produces a dark image against a brighter background? -
ANSWER:the bright-field microscope
What is the product of the magnifications of the ocular lens and the objective lens? -
ANSWER:the total magnification
What is the total magnification of the bright field, dark field, and phase-contrast
microscopes? - ANSWER:2000x
What is the total resolution of the bright field, dark field, and phase contrast
microscopes? - ANSWER:0.2um
What is the purpose of the bright field microscope? - ANSWER:for live and preserved
stained specimens
What is the purpose of the dark field microscope? - ANSWER:to observe living,
unstained preparations
Which microscopes are good for observing living cells? - ANSWER:-The Differential
Interference Contrast Microscope
-Phase-contrast microscope
Which microscope enhances the contrast between intracellular structures having
slight differences in the refractive index? - ANSWER:phase-contrast microscope
Which microscope shows a bright image of the object resulting from the fluorescent
light emitted by the specimen? - ANSWER:the fluorescence microscope
The fluorescence microscope exposes the specimen to what types of light? -
ANSWER:uv, violet, or blue
The distance between the center of the lens and focal point? - ANSWER:focal length
, The shorter the focal point, the ______ the magnification - ANSWER:greater
The shorter the wavelength, the ______ the resolution - ANSWER:greater
The distance between the front surface of lens and surface of cover glass on
specimen - ANSWER:Working distance
As the working distance decrease, the field of view _____ - ANSWER:decrease
As the field of view decrease, the light gets ____ - ANSWER:dimmer
What is the purpose of adding the immersion oil? - ANSWER:to obtain more light by
providing the same refraction energy as glass
As the magnification increases, what happens to the focal length? - ANSWER:it
decrease
What is the charge of a bacteria cell surface? - ANSWER:negative charge
What is the charge of basic dyes? - ANSWER:positive charge
What is the charge of acid dyes? - ANSWER:negative charge
A thin, uniform film of bacterial growth on a glass slide in order to proceed with
further staining for microscopic examination - ANSWER:smear
The process by which organism is killed and firmly attached to microscope slide -
ANSWER:fixation
Heat fixation vs. Chemical fixing (not the procedure) - ANSWER:-heat fixation
preserves overall shape but not internal structures
-chemical fixing protects fine cellular structure and shape of larger, more delicate
organisms
What information does differential staining provide? - ANSWER:divides
microorganisms into groups based on their staining properties
What is the most widely used differential staining procedure? - ANSWER:gram
staining
Negative staining - ANSWER:the bacteria is not stained; the background is stained
What is shadowing in electron microscopy? - ANSWER:coating specimen with a thin
film of heavy metal
What is the total magnification of the Transmission Electron Microscope and the
Scanning Electron Microscope? - ANSWER:1,000,000x
