QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
SOLUTIONS 2024
MainEfunctionsEofEtheErespiratoryEsystemE-
EANSWERE(1)EdeliverEoxygenEtoEtheEcellsEofEbody.E(2)EremoveEcarbonEdioxideEfromEbody.
upperErespiratoryEtractE-EANSWEREoutsideEchestEcavity
(nose,EandEnasopharynx;EdownEtoEtheElarynx).
lowerErespiratoryEtractE-EANSWEREorgansEwithinEchest
(trachea,EbronchialEtree,EandElungs).
alveoliE-
EANSWEREmicroscopicEsacsEwhereEoxygenEdiffusesEacrossEandEexchangedEforEcarbonEdioxideEwhenEaEperso
nEbreathesEinEair
theEdiffusedEoxygenEisEthenEtakenEtoEtheErestEofEtheEbodyEthroughEtheE-EANSWEREcirculatoryEsystem
SeveralEcommonEdiseasesEthatEaffectEairwaysEandEexchangeEofEgasE-
EANSWEREasthma,ECOPD,Eemphysema,EchronicEbronchitis
AsthmaE-
EANSWEREgeneralEtermEforErecurrentEandEreversibleEshortnessEofEbreathEresultingEfromEtheEnarrowingEofEt
heEbronchiEandEbronchioles.
COPDE-EANSWEREconsistsEofEbothEemphysemaEandEchronicEbronchitis.
emphysemaE-EANSWEREaEdiseaseEprocessEinvolvingEinflammationEofEtheEalveoli.
chronicEbronchitisE-
EANSWEREchronicEinflammationEorEirritationEonEtheElowerErespiratoryEtract,EspecificallyEtheEbronchi.
, TheEprimaryEdrugsEusedEinEtheEtreatmentEofEbothEasthmaEandECOPDE-
EANSWEREbronchodilatorsEandEaEvarietyEofEanti-inflammatoryEandEantiallergicEagents.
AllEthreeEofEtheseEdiseasesEhaveEoneEprimaryEsimilarityE-
EANSWEREtheyEallEinvolveEobstructionEofEairflowEthroughEtheEairways.
ChemicalEMediatorsE-
EANSWEREareEdefinedEasEaEsubstanceEreleasedEfromEmastEcellsEandEwhiteEbloodEcellsEduringEinflammationE
andEallergicEreactions.EAsEsuch,EchemicalEmediatorsEareEresponsibleEforEmostEofEtheEsymptomsEandEcompli
cationsEassociatedEwithEasthmaEandECOPD.
TheEonlyEchemicalEmediatorEwithEaEknownEinvolvementEwhereEdrugEtherapyEhasEbeenEshownEtoEhelpEpati
entEsymptomsEisE-EANSWERELeukotrienes
LeukotrienesE-
EANSWEREareEpotentEbronchoconstrictorsEwithEaElongEdurationEofEaction.ETheyEstimulateEreceptorsErespon
sibleEforEbronchoconstriction,EedemaEandEotherEinflammatoryEactions.
leukotrieneEinhibitorsE-
EANSWEREaEclassEofEdrugsEthatEinhibitEtheseEactionsEandEhaveEanEimportantEroleEinEtreatingEasthmaEspecifi
cally.
AsthmaEpathophysiologyE-EANSWERE-
narrowingEofEtheEbronchiolesEcanEbeEcausedEbyEbronchospasm,Einflammation,EedemaEandEtheEproductionE
ofEmucus.
-
ThisEultimatelyEobstructsEairflowEmeaningEthatEtheEcarbonEdioxideEcannotEtEgetEoutEandEtheEoxygenEcanno
tEgetEin.
EmphysemaEpathophysiologyE-EANSWERE-
occursEwhenEtheEairEspacesEenlargeEasEaEresultEofEtheEdestructionEofEtheEalveolarEwalls.
-TheEcauseEofEthisEappearsEtoEbeEenzymesEthatEareEreleasedEinEresponseEtoEinflammation.