PORTAGE NUR 251 - PHARMACOLOGY - TEST 1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH SOLUTIONS 2024

PORTAGE NUR 251 - PHARMACOLOGY -
TEST 1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
WITH SOLUTIONS 2024
PharmacologyY-YANSWERYStudyYofYchemicalsYthatYalterYtheYfunctionYofYlivingYorganisms.



DrugsYcanYbeYusedYto:Y-YANSWERY1.YPreventYdisease

2.YDiagnoseYDisease

3.YCureYdisease

4.YTreatYsymptomsYofYdisease



DrugsYhaveYmanyYdifferentYeffectsYonYtheYbodyYincludingY-YANSWERY(1)YTherapeuticYeffects

(2)YSideYeffects

(3)YAdverseYeffects

(4)YToxicYeffects



TherapeuticYeffectY-YANSWERYdesiredYdrugYeffectYtoYalleviateYsomeYconditionYofYsymptom



SideYeffectsY-
YANSWERYanyYeffectYotherYthanYtheYtherapeuticYeffectYthatYareYusuallyYundesirableYbutYnotYharmful




AdverseYeffectY-YANSWERYgeneralYtermYforYundesirableYandYpotentiallyYharmfulYdrugYeffect



ToxicYeffectsY-YANSWERYundesirableYdrugYeffectYthatYimpliesYdrugYpoisoning;YcanYbeYveryYharmfulYorYlife-
threatening



MechanismYofYactionY-YANSWERYHowYaYdrugYproducesYitsYeffects

,targetedYsitYofYactionY-
YANSWERYtheYlocationYwithinYtheYbodyYwhereYaYdrugYexertsYitsYtherapeuticYeffect,YoftenYaYspecificYdrugYrec

eptor



ReceptorsY-
YANSWERYspecificYcellularYstructuresYthatYaYdrugYbindsYtoYinYorderYtoYproduceYaYphysiologicYeffect




AgonistYreceptorY-YANSWERYworksYtoYactivateYaYphysiologicYresponseYorYdrugYeffect



AntagonistYreceptorY-YANSWERYworksYtoYinterfereYwithYotherYdrugsYorYsubstancesYfromYproducingYaYdrug-
effect



Dose-dependentYrelationshipY-
YANSWERYbasicYprincipleYofYpharmacologyYwhichYstatesYthatYtheYresponseYtoYanyYdrugYdependsYonYtheYam

ountYofYdrugYgiven



OnsetYofYactionY-YANSWERYtheYtimeYfromYtheYdrugYadministrationYtoYtheYfirstYobservableYeffect



DurationYofYactionY-YANSWERYtheYlengthYofYtimeYthatYtheYdrugYcontinuesYtoYproduceYitsYeffect



DrugYNamesYincludeY-YANSWERY1.YChemicalYName

2.YDescribeYtheYchemicalYcompositionYandYmolecularYstructure

3.YGenericYnameY-YnonproprietaryYname

4.YTradeYnameY-YOwnedYbyYtheYproducingYcompany.



ClassificationYofYdrugsYbasedYonYsimilaritiesYofYpropertiesY-YANSWERY1.YStructureY-Ye.g.YbetaYblockers

2.YUseY-Ye.g.Yantibiotics



AqueousYPreparationsY-YANSWERYsyrupsY-YaYsolutionYofYwaterYandYsugarYtoYwhichYaYdrugYisYadded

,TabletsY-
YANSWERYdrugYpowdersYthatYhaveYbeenYcompressedYintoYconvenientYformYforYswallowing.YdisintegratesYin

YstomachYmoreYrapidlyYthanYmostYotherYsolidYpreparations




TrochesYandYlozengesY-YANSWERYflattenedYtabletsYthatYareYallowedYtoYdissolveYinYtheYmouth



CapsulesY-YANSWERYGelatinYshellsYfilledYwithYpowderedYorYliquidYmedication



Delayed-releaseYProductsY-
YANSWERYTabletsYorYcapsulesYthatYareYtreatedYwithYaYspecialYcoatingYdesignedYsoYthatYtheYdrugYproducesYit

sYeffectYoverYanYextendedYtime



EntericYCoatedYProductsY-YANSWERYTabletsYthatYareYcoatedYwithYanYacid-
resistantYsubstanceYtoYpreventYdissolutionYinYtheYstomach



SuppositoriesY-
YANSWERYDrugsYmixedYwithYaYsubstanceYthatYwillYmeltYatYbodyYtemperatureYwhenYinsertedYintoYtheYrectu

m,Yurethra,YorYvag



OintmentsY-YANSWERYsoftYoilyYsubstancesYcontainingYaYdrugYthatYisYappliedYtoYtheYskin



TransdermalYpatchY-
YANSWERYtheYdrugYisYreleasedYfromYaYbandageYorYpatchYandYthenYisYabsorbedYthroughYtheYskinYintoYtheYbl

oodYstreamYprovidingYcontinuousYsourceYofYdrugYoverY24Yhours



RoutesYofYAdministrationY-
YANSWERYTheYwaysYusedYtoYgetYaYdrugYintoYtheYtissuesYofYtheYbody,YwhereYtheyYcanYproduceYtheirYeffects.Y

TheYtwoYmainYroutesYareYoralYandYparenteral.



OralYadministrationY-YANSWERYrouteYofYdrugYadministrationYbyYwayYofYtheYmouthYthroughYswallowing



ParenteralYadministrationY-
YANSWERYrouteYofYdrugYadministrationYthatYdoesYnotYinvolveYtheYgastrointestinalY(GI)Ytract

, RoutesYofYDrugYAdministrationY-YANSWERY



PhasesYofYdrugYactivityY-YANSWERY(1)YPharmaceuticalYPhaseY-
YadministrationYofYdosageYform,YdissolutionYofYdrugYintoYbody



(2)YPharmacokineticYPhaseY-Yabsorption,Ydistribution,Ymetabolism,Yexcretion

(3)YPharmacodynamicYPhaseY-YdrugYreceptorYinteraction



PharmaceuticsY-YANSWERYStudyYofYhowYvariousYdosageYformsYinfluenceYhowYtheYdrugYeffectsYtheYbody.



DissolutionY-YANSWERYWhenYtaken,YhowYdoesYitYappearYinYtheYdigestiveYtract.



PharmakineticsY-YANSWERYStudyYofYwhatYtheYbodyYdoesYtoYtheYdrug.

1.YWhatYhappensYtoYtheYdrugYwhenYitYisYtaken.

2.YDependsYonYhowYlongYdrugYisYinYtheYsystem.



(absorption,Ydistribution,Ymetabolism,Yexcretion)



AbsorptionY-YANSWERYtheYmovementYofYaYdrugYfromYitsYsiteYofYadministrationYintoYtheYblood



BioavailabilityY-
YANSWERYAYmeasureYofYtheYextentYofYdrugYabsorptionYforYaYgivenYdrugYandYrouteY(fromY0%YtoY100%).




DistributionY-YANSWERYtransportYofYaYdrugYbyYtheYbloodstreamYtoYitsYsiteYofYaction



MetabolismY-
YANSWERYtheYbiochemicalYalterationYofYaYdrugYintoYanYinactiveYmetabolite,YaYmoreYpotentYmetabolite,YorY

aYlessYactiveYmetabolite



SubstratesY-YANSWERYaYsiteYwhereYtheYenzymeYacts