,A N I LLU STRATED
- HISTORY OF -
BRITAIN
David McDowall
•
,Pearson Education Limited,
Edinburgh Gate, Harlow,
Essex CM20 2/E, England
and Associated Companies throughout the world.
urunalongman.com
© Longm an Group UK Limited 1989
All rights reserved; no part of Otis publication
may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted in allY form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otuenoise,
without the prior written permission of the Publishers.
First publi shed 1989
Tw enty-first impression 2006
British Libra ry Catalogui ng in Pu blication Dat a
McD owall , David
An illu strated hist ory of Britain .
1. Great Britain-Hi stor y
1.Title
941 DA3 0
ISBN-H 978-0-5B2-74914-6
ISBN-1O, 0-5B2-74914-X
Set in 11/ 13 pt Goudy O ld Style
Printed in China
GCC / 21
Acknowledgements
W e are grate ful to Penguin Books Ltd for permission to reprod uce an
extract from TheCanterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer, translated by
Nevd l Coghtll [Pen guin C1a5sics, 1951, 1958, 1960) , copy right (c)
Nevill Co ghill, 195 1, 1958, 1960.
W e are gratefu l to the following for permission to reproduce co pyright 115 ( left), 127 (top), 136 and 140: The Marque ss of Bath, Lo ngleat
pho to graphs: House , W arm inster , Wiltshi re for page 83; The Marqucss of Sa lisbury
Aerofilm s for page 6 (left ) and 24 (to p left ). Bama by's Picture Library for page 82; The Marquess of T avurock and the T rustees of the
for page 170 an d 176 (bo tto m); BBC Hulton Pict ure Library (o r pages Bedford Estates, W oburn A bbey for page 74; Ma rvlebon e Cnckcr Club
141, 144, 151, 154, 163 and 165; Bibliotheq uc Royale A lben lcr, for page 153; Kcnnerh McNally for page 19: Museu m of London for
Brussels (Ms 13076177 fo 24v) for page 47 ; Bodle ian Library, O xford page 142. Directo r of th e Nat ional Ar my Museum, Chelsea, London
(M s Bodley 764 f 41v) for page 38 (right ); [an er and Colin Bord for for page 147; Natio nal Ga llery of Canada, O ttawa for page 124.
page 4; The Bridgem an A rt Lihr<l ry/Briti sh Museum , Londo n for page Reprod uced by co urtesy o f the T rusrees. Na tio nal Gallery, Londo n for
98 ; The Bridgc man Ar t Librarv/T lc hbome Par k, Ha mpsh ire for page 115 (right) and 119; Na tio nal Library of Ireland , Lawrence
pages 102-103 and The Bridgcm an A n Library/Victoria and A lbe n Collection 11566 for page 150; The Nationa l Mannme Museu m
Museum fo r page 78; C ity of Bristol Museum and A n Ga llery for page London for pages 66 and 126- 7 (bo tto m); National Portrait G aliery
106; Britain on V iew for pages 20 and 70; British Library for pages 14, for pages 51. 53, 67 , 68,71. 87, 94 an d 139 (bottom); The National
22.24 (bottom right ), 27, 42, 46, 50, 57, 60, 64, 75 and 146; Trust Phot ographic Library for page 130; No rth Yo rkshire Cou n rv
Tru stees of th e Brit ish Museum fo r pages 3, 5. 7, 12 and 9 1; Ca mera Library for page 152; Poppc rfOto for page 167. David Redfe m for page
Press London for pages 175. 179 and 183 (Alben Wa tso n ); J. Allan 171; Or P.J. Revnold s for page 6 [right} ; T rustees of thc Science
Ca sh Photohb rarv for page 178; The G o verni ng Body of Christ Museu m, London for page lOO. Sheffield C ity Librar ics for page 133;
C hurch , Oxfo rd for pages 45 and 62; Ch nsne's fo r page 139 (top) ; Sh el l for page 176 (to p); T he Board of T rin it y Co llege, Duhl in for
City Co unci l of Bnsro l an d City of Bristo l Record Office - 04 720( I ) page 19; To ny Sto ne Pbo roltbrarv -. London for page 2: U nlversuv
for page 59; Co urtesy of the Library of Co ngress for page 112; Museum of Na t ional Antiqu ities, Oslo, No rway for page 16; Board of
Presidents an d Fellows of Corpus C h risti College . Oxfo rd for page 38 T rustees of t he Vict ori a and A lbert Museum for pages 101 and 110;
(to p and bottom left) ; C rown co pyrigh t, publishe d by permission of T he Vic to ria A rt G allery. Bath City Cou nci l for page 116; Wales
th e Min istry of Defe nse and of th e Co n tro ller of Her Majesty's T o urist Board for page 52; W alker A rt Ga llery, Liverpoo l for page 122
Stat ione ry Office/Cambridgc U niv ersity Collection for 'p age 117. (bo tto m ); Weald and Downland Open A ir Museum, Si ngleto n,
Courtesy of t he Dean and C ha pte r of W esrm inst cr for page 33; ln the Chichester, Wc st Sussex for pale 63.; West Stow A nglo-Saxo n Village
Collecti on of th e Duke o f Buccleuch and Q ueen sherrv, K.T . for page [rust fo r page 13; Wmdsor C ast e, Ro yal LIbrary © Her MaJcsty the
92; Stan ley Gibbons (or page l3 5 (left ); The G uardian for page 96; Q ueen for page 30; W ooclmaost ernelM uscum of Lond on for page 10.
Copyright reserved. Reprodu ced by gracio us pe rm ission of H er Majesty
the Queen for pages 86, I I1 and 135 (r ight ); Royal Co mmission on Cover phot ographs by: Bod l~ian Li.brary, O xford (Ms Bodley 764 f .
the Historical Monuments of England for page 24 (top righ t); Michael 41 v] (top righ t}; A.F . Ker snn g (m idd le left ); The Marquess o f
Holford fo r page 17; Illustrat ed Londo n News Pict ure Library (o r page T avisrock and the T rustees of the Bedford Estate s, W ob urn Ab bey
148; Imperial War Museum for page 160; A.F. Kerst ing for pages 31. (midd le righ t ); The Natio nal Marit ime M useum , London (m iddle top
41. 58. 65 and 81; Lambeth Palace Library for page 54; Line n H all & bo t to m righ t); N atio nal Portrait G allery, Londo n (to p left );
Library, Belfast for page 122 (to p) ; Llovd's of Lo ndon for page 104; Popperfoto (bo tto m left ); T on y S to ne Ph otolibra ry-London for t he
Londo n Dock lands Develop me n t Corporat ion for page 18 1; Londo n bac kground .
T ranspo rt Museum Pho togra phic Archive for page 158· Manc hester
City Art G aller ies for page 137: Man sel l Co llect ion for' pages 90, 98, Pict ure Research by Sand ra Assersoh n
, Contents
Earliest times
Chapter 1 The foundation stones 3
The island' Britain 's prehi stor y' The C elts· The Romans' Roman life
Chapter 2 The Saxon invasion 11
The invaders ' Governme nt and society' C hristianity: the pa rtne rship of C hurch
an d state ' The Vikings ' W ho sho uld be kin g?
Chapter 3 The Celtic kingdoms 18
Wales ' Ireland ' Scotl and
The early Middle Ages
Chapter 4 Conquest and feudal rule 23
T he Norman Conquest· Feudalism . Kingshi p: a famil y busine ss' Magna Carta
and th e decline of feudalism
Chapter 5 The power of the kings of Eng land 29
C hurch and stat e ' T he beginn ings of Parliament· Dealin g with the Celts
Chapter 6 Government and society 34
T he growth of govern ment · Law and just ice' Religious belie fs· O rdina ry people
in co untry and town' The growt h of towns as centres of wealth : Language,
literature and cu lture
The late Middle Ages
Chapter 7 The century of war , plague and disorder 43
War with Scotl and and Fran ce' The age of ch ivalry ' The century of plagues '
The poor in revolt· Heresy and ortho doxy
Chapter 8 The crisis of kings and nob les 51
T he cr isis of kingshi p ' Wa les in revolt· The struggle in France ' The Wa rs of the
Roses . Sco tla nd
Chapter 9 Government and society 57
Gover nment and socie ty ' The co ndition of women · Language and culture
The Tudors
Chapter 10 The birth of the nation sta te 67
T he new mon arch y ' The Reformation' The Prot estant- Catholic struggle
Chapter 11 England and her neighbo urs 73
T he new fore ign policy ' The new tradin g empire ' Wales' Ireland · Sco tla nd and
England' Mary Q ueen of Scots and th e Sco tt ish Reform ati on ' A Scottish kin g for
England
Cha pter 12 Government and society 79
Tudor parliaments' Rich and poor in town and count ry' Domestic life'
Lan guage and culture
- HISTORY OF -
BRITAIN
David McDowall
•
,Pearson Education Limited,
Edinburgh Gate, Harlow,
Essex CM20 2/E, England
and Associated Companies throughout the world.
urunalongman.com
© Longm an Group UK Limited 1989
All rights reserved; no part of Otis publication
may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted in allY form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otuenoise,
without the prior written permission of the Publishers.
First publi shed 1989
Tw enty-first impression 2006
British Libra ry Catalogui ng in Pu blication Dat a
McD owall , David
An illu strated hist ory of Britain .
1. Great Britain-Hi stor y
1.Title
941 DA3 0
ISBN-H 978-0-5B2-74914-6
ISBN-1O, 0-5B2-74914-X
Set in 11/ 13 pt Goudy O ld Style
Printed in China
GCC / 21
Acknowledgements
W e are grate ful to Penguin Books Ltd for permission to reprod uce an
extract from TheCanterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer, translated by
Nevd l Coghtll [Pen guin C1a5sics, 1951, 1958, 1960) , copy right (c)
Nevill Co ghill, 195 1, 1958, 1960.
W e are gratefu l to the following for permission to reproduce co pyright 115 ( left), 127 (top), 136 and 140: The Marque ss of Bath, Lo ngleat
pho to graphs: House , W arm inster , Wiltshi re for page 83; The Marqucss of Sa lisbury
Aerofilm s for page 6 (left ) and 24 (to p left ). Bama by's Picture Library for page 82; The Marquess of T avurock and the T rustees of the
for page 170 an d 176 (bo tto m); BBC Hulton Pict ure Library (o r pages Bedford Estates, W oburn A bbey for page 74; Ma rvlebon e Cnckcr Club
141, 144, 151, 154, 163 and 165; Bibliotheq uc Royale A lben lcr, for page 153; Kcnnerh McNally for page 19: Museu m of London for
Brussels (Ms 13076177 fo 24v) for page 47 ; Bodle ian Library, O xford page 142. Directo r of th e Nat ional Ar my Museum, Chelsea, London
(M s Bodley 764 f 41v) for page 38 (right ); [an er and Colin Bord for for page 147; Natio nal Ga llery of Canada, O ttawa for page 124.
page 4; The Bridgem an A rt Lihr<l ry/Briti sh Museum , Londo n for page Reprod uced by co urtesy o f the T rusrees. Na tio nal Gallery, Londo n for
98 ; The Bridgc man Ar t Librarv/T lc hbome Par k, Ha mpsh ire for page 115 (right) and 119; Na tio nal Library of Ireland , Lawrence
pages 102-103 and The Bridgcm an A n Library/Victoria and A lbe n Collection 11566 for page 150; The Nationa l Mannme Museu m
Museum fo r page 78; C ity of Bristol Museum and A n Ga llery for page London for pages 66 and 126- 7 (bo tto m); National Portrait G aliery
106; Britain on V iew for pages 20 and 70; British Library for pages 14, for pages 51. 53, 67 , 68,71. 87, 94 an d 139 (bottom); The National
22.24 (bottom right ), 27, 42, 46, 50, 57, 60, 64, 75 and 146; Trust Phot ographic Library for page 130; No rth Yo rkshire Cou n rv
Tru stees of th e Brit ish Museum fo r pages 3, 5. 7, 12 and 9 1; Ca mera Library for page 152; Poppc rfOto for page 167. David Redfe m for page
Press London for pages 175. 179 and 183 (Alben Wa tso n ); J. Allan 171; Or P.J. Revnold s for page 6 [right} ; T rustees of thc Science
Ca sh Photohb rarv for page 178; The G o verni ng Body of Christ Museu m, London for page lOO. Sheffield C ity Librar ics for page 133;
C hurch , Oxfo rd for pages 45 and 62; Ch nsne's fo r page 139 (top) ; Sh el l for page 176 (to p); T he Board of T rin it y Co llege, Duhl in for
City Co unci l of Bnsro l an d City of Bristo l Record Office - 04 720( I ) page 19; To ny Sto ne Pbo roltbrarv -. London for page 2: U nlversuv
for page 59; Co urtesy of the Library of Co ngress for page 112; Museum of Na t ional Antiqu ities, Oslo, No rway for page 16; Board of
Presidents an d Fellows of Corpus C h risti College . Oxfo rd for page 38 T rustees of t he Vict ori a and A lbert Museum for pages 101 and 110;
(to p and bottom left) ; C rown co pyrigh t, publishe d by permission of T he Vic to ria A rt G allery. Bath City Cou nci l for page 116; Wales
th e Min istry of Defe nse and of th e Co n tro ller of Her Majesty's T o urist Board for page 52; W alker A rt Ga llery, Liverpoo l for page 122
Stat ione ry Office/Cambridgc U niv ersity Collection for 'p age 117. (bo tto m ); Weald and Downland Open A ir Museum, Si ngleto n,
Courtesy of t he Dean and C ha pte r of W esrm inst cr for page 33; ln the Chichester, Wc st Sussex for pale 63.; West Stow A nglo-Saxo n Village
Collecti on of th e Duke o f Buccleuch and Q ueen sherrv, K.T . for page [rust fo r page 13; Wmdsor C ast e, Ro yal LIbrary © Her MaJcsty the
92; Stan ley Gibbons (or page l3 5 (left ); The G uardian for page 96; Q ueen for page 30; W ooclmaost ernelM uscum of Lond on for page 10.
Copyright reserved. Reprodu ced by gracio us pe rm ission of H er Majesty
the Queen for pages 86, I I1 and 135 (r ight ); Royal Co mmission on Cover phot ographs by: Bod l~ian Li.brary, O xford (Ms Bodley 764 f .
the Historical Monuments of England for page 24 (top righ t); Michael 41 v] (top righ t}; A.F . Ker snn g (m idd le left ); The Marquess o f
Holford fo r page 17; Illustrat ed Londo n News Pict ure Library (o r page T avisrock and the T rustees of the Bedford Estate s, W ob urn Ab bey
148; Imperial War Museum for page 160; A.F. Kerst ing for pages 31. (midd le righ t ); The Natio nal Marit ime M useum , London (m iddle top
41. 58. 65 and 81; Lambeth Palace Library for page 54; Line n H all & bo t to m righ t); N atio nal Portrait G allery, Londo n (to p left );
Library, Belfast for page 122 (to p) ; Llovd's of Lo ndon for page 104; Popperfoto (bo tto m left ); T on y S to ne Ph otolibra ry-London for t he
Londo n Dock lands Develop me n t Corporat ion for page 18 1; Londo n bac kground .
T ranspo rt Museum Pho togra phic Archive for page 158· Manc hester
City Art G aller ies for page 137: Man sel l Co llect ion for' pages 90, 98, Pict ure Research by Sand ra Assersoh n
, Contents
Earliest times
Chapter 1 The foundation stones 3
The island' Britain 's prehi stor y' The C elts· The Romans' Roman life
Chapter 2 The Saxon invasion 11
The invaders ' Governme nt and society' C hristianity: the pa rtne rship of C hurch
an d state ' The Vikings ' W ho sho uld be kin g?
Chapter 3 The Celtic kingdoms 18
Wales ' Ireland ' Scotl and
The early Middle Ages
Chapter 4 Conquest and feudal rule 23
T he Norman Conquest· Feudalism . Kingshi p: a famil y busine ss' Magna Carta
and th e decline of feudalism
Chapter 5 The power of the kings of Eng land 29
C hurch and stat e ' T he beginn ings of Parliament· Dealin g with the Celts
Chapter 6 Government and society 34
T he growth of govern ment · Law and just ice' Religious belie fs· O rdina ry people
in co untry and town' The growt h of towns as centres of wealth : Language,
literature and cu lture
The late Middle Ages
Chapter 7 The century of war , plague and disorder 43
War with Scotl and and Fran ce' The age of ch ivalry ' The century of plagues '
The poor in revolt· Heresy and ortho doxy
Chapter 8 The crisis of kings and nob les 51
T he cr isis of kingshi p ' Wa les in revolt· The struggle in France ' The Wa rs of the
Roses . Sco tla nd
Chapter 9 Government and society 57
Gover nment and socie ty ' The co ndition of women · Language and culture
The Tudors
Chapter 10 The birth of the nation sta te 67
T he new mon arch y ' The Reformation' The Prot estant- Catholic struggle
Chapter 11 England and her neighbo urs 73
T he new fore ign policy ' The new tradin g empire ' Wales' Ireland · Sco tla nd and
England' Mary Q ueen of Scots and th e Sco tt ish Reform ati on ' A Scottish kin g for
England
Cha pter 12 Government and society 79
Tudor parliaments' Rich and poor in town and count ry' Domestic life'
Lan guage and culture
