COURSE NAME ;
Criminology CSS notes for CSS-24:
Prepared by : Janib Ali Sheedi
Part : I
1#.Sociological Perspective of crime ;
2#.Biological perspective of crime;
3#.Psychological perspective of crime ;
4#.Positivist vs Post positivist debate ;
5#.Nature vs Nurture debate ;
6#.Definition and scope of criminology in Pakistan ;
7#.Evolution of criminology as discipline ;
8#. Importance of criminology in Pakistan ;
9#. Define Crime and types of Criminals ;
10#. Criminal behavior ;
1
,11#. Left realism and right realism;
12#.Phrenology ;
13#.Physiognomy;
14#.Criminal Etiology ;
15#.Alternative community Corrections ;
16#.Typology ;
#Topic; 01 :
Positivist Approaches:
1.Biological.
“Biological theories defines the causes of deviant and criminal behavior”
Biological theories of criminality aim at explaining the root cause of criminal mentality
and criminal behavior. This not help in the understanding the reason and causes of
crimes but it also helps to find suitable course of action and remedial measures for the
treatment of those crimes.
*BIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIMINALITY:
1.CESARE LAMBROSO THEORY
2.Y CHROMOSOME THEORY
3.WILLIAM SHELDON THEORY
2
,1. CESARE LOMBROSO THEORY:
(1835 – 1909)
*Cesare Lombroso was an Italian criminologist and the founder of Italian
School of Positivist Criminology.
*He rejected the Classical School explanation that crime was a
characteristic of human nature and instead believed that criminality
was inherited.
Theory of Deviance: -
Lombroso developed this theory in which he said that,
“A person’s bodily constitution indicate
whether or not individual is a “BORN
CRIMINA”.
It compared the characteristics of Italian Prisoners with Italian Soldier for his study.
Characteristics of a criminal: -
After his study, he found a particular physical feature in Italian Prisoners:
•Fiscal Asymmetry
•Large Monkey like ears
•Twisted Nose
•Excessive Check bones
•Long Arms
•Excessive winkles
•Large Jaw
•Large Chin
•Lombroso marked that Males with five or more of these characteristics could be called
as born criminals.
•Females, on the other hand needed as few as three of these characteristics to be born
criminals.
3
, •He also included tattoos in the markings of born criminals owing to insensitivity to
physical pain.
Y CHROMOSOME THEORY:
“Criminals have an extra Y Chromosome, giving them an XYY chromosome makeup
rather than an HY chromosome makeup that creates a strong compulsion with them to
commit crimes."
This is how Y Chromosome theory relates presence of extra Y Chromosome with
criminality as it can lead to aggressiveness or abnormal behaviour. The person having
extra Y chromosome is sometimes called as “Super Male”. Some studies have found
that the proportion of XYY males in the prison population is higher than the general
male population (1 to 3 percent versus less than 1 percent), however other studies don’t
provide evidence that supports this theory. This theory sometimes lacks practical
evidence that supports this theory. This theory sometimes lacks practical evidence.
WILLIAM SHELDON THEORY:
William Sheldon theory believed that people could be classified into 3 body shapes,
which corresponds with 3 different personality types:
1. Endomorphic (Fat and Soft)
2. Ectomorphic (Thin and Fragile)
3. Monomorphic (Muscular and Hard)
• Endomorphs: -
They have a soft body, underdeveloped muscles, a round physique, and often they
have difficulty losing weight.
Example: Celebrities like: John Goodman, Roseanne Bore, Jack Black.
• Ectomorphs: -
They are flat-chested, fragile, and lean, lightly muscled, small shouldered and thin.
Example: Kate Moss, Edward Norton, Lisa Kudraw.
• Mesomorphs: -
4
Criminology CSS notes for CSS-24:
Prepared by : Janib Ali Sheedi
Part : I
1#.Sociological Perspective of crime ;
2#.Biological perspective of crime;
3#.Psychological perspective of crime ;
4#.Positivist vs Post positivist debate ;
5#.Nature vs Nurture debate ;
6#.Definition and scope of criminology in Pakistan ;
7#.Evolution of criminology as discipline ;
8#. Importance of criminology in Pakistan ;
9#. Define Crime and types of Criminals ;
10#. Criminal behavior ;
1
,11#. Left realism and right realism;
12#.Phrenology ;
13#.Physiognomy;
14#.Criminal Etiology ;
15#.Alternative community Corrections ;
16#.Typology ;
#Topic; 01 :
Positivist Approaches:
1.Biological.
“Biological theories defines the causes of deviant and criminal behavior”
Biological theories of criminality aim at explaining the root cause of criminal mentality
and criminal behavior. This not help in the understanding the reason and causes of
crimes but it also helps to find suitable course of action and remedial measures for the
treatment of those crimes.
*BIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIMINALITY:
1.CESARE LAMBROSO THEORY
2.Y CHROMOSOME THEORY
3.WILLIAM SHELDON THEORY
2
,1. CESARE LOMBROSO THEORY:
(1835 – 1909)
*Cesare Lombroso was an Italian criminologist and the founder of Italian
School of Positivist Criminology.
*He rejected the Classical School explanation that crime was a
characteristic of human nature and instead believed that criminality
was inherited.
Theory of Deviance: -
Lombroso developed this theory in which he said that,
“A person’s bodily constitution indicate
whether or not individual is a “BORN
CRIMINA”.
It compared the characteristics of Italian Prisoners with Italian Soldier for his study.
Characteristics of a criminal: -
After his study, he found a particular physical feature in Italian Prisoners:
•Fiscal Asymmetry
•Large Monkey like ears
•Twisted Nose
•Excessive Check bones
•Long Arms
•Excessive winkles
•Large Jaw
•Large Chin
•Lombroso marked that Males with five or more of these characteristics could be called
as born criminals.
•Females, on the other hand needed as few as three of these characteristics to be born
criminals.
3
, •He also included tattoos in the markings of born criminals owing to insensitivity to
physical pain.
Y CHROMOSOME THEORY:
“Criminals have an extra Y Chromosome, giving them an XYY chromosome makeup
rather than an HY chromosome makeup that creates a strong compulsion with them to
commit crimes."
This is how Y Chromosome theory relates presence of extra Y Chromosome with
criminality as it can lead to aggressiveness or abnormal behaviour. The person having
extra Y chromosome is sometimes called as “Super Male”. Some studies have found
that the proportion of XYY males in the prison population is higher than the general
male population (1 to 3 percent versus less than 1 percent), however other studies don’t
provide evidence that supports this theory. This theory sometimes lacks practical
evidence that supports this theory. This theory sometimes lacks practical evidence.
WILLIAM SHELDON THEORY:
William Sheldon theory believed that people could be classified into 3 body shapes,
which corresponds with 3 different personality types:
1. Endomorphic (Fat and Soft)
2. Ectomorphic (Thin and Fragile)
3. Monomorphic (Muscular and Hard)
• Endomorphs: -
They have a soft body, underdeveloped muscles, a round physique, and often they
have difficulty losing weight.
Example: Celebrities like: John Goodman, Roseanne Bore, Jack Black.
• Ectomorphs: -
They are flat-chested, fragile, and lean, lightly muscled, small shouldered and thin.
Example: Kate Moss, Edward Norton, Lisa Kudraw.
• Mesomorphs: -
4
