COURSE NAME ;
European history CSS notes for CSS-24:
Prepared by : Janib Ali Sheedi
Part : I
#Age of Renaissance ;
1#.Napoleon's military conquests changed both the map and the
political balance of power.
2#.Discuss how Congress of Vienna (1815) changed politics of europe
;
3#.Explain impacts of revolutions of 1830 and 1848 in Europe ;
4#.Evaluate inherent strengths of Bismark in achieving German
Unification;
5#.Discuss unification of Italy ;
6#.Continental System after French revolution ;
7#.Short Notes ;
A#.Socialism vs Capitalism ;
B#.Neo-Colonialism ;
1
,C#.Napoleonic Codes ;
D#.Policy of Appeasement ;
E#.Balkan Crisis 1990s/1920s.
F#.German Question ;
G#.Divide and Fall of Berlin Wall;
The French Revolution was a complex and multifaceted event, influenced by numerous
factors. Here are 50 causes that contributed to its occurrence:
1. **Financial Crisis:** France faced severe financial difficulties due to wars, extravagant
spending by the monarchy, and an inefficient tax system.
2. **Tax Burden:** The common people bore the heaviest tax burden, while the nobility and
clergy were largely exempt.
3. **Rising National Debt:** Accumulation of a massive national debt from costly wars and
financial mismanagement.
4. **Food Shortages:** Poor harvests and high bread prices led to food shortages and
widespread hunger.
5. **Inequality:** The society was marked by stark social inequalities, with privileges and wealth
concentrated in the hands of the nobility and clergy.
6. **Corruption in the Government:** Corruption was rampant in the government and
administration, leading to public discontent.
7. **Ineffectiveness of the Monarchy:** King Louis XVI's weak leadership and inability to
address the nation's problems.
8. **Enlightenment Ideas:** Influence of Enlightenment thinkers and their ideas on individual
rights, liberty, and democracy.
9. **American Revolution:** The success of the American Revolution inspired notions of liberty
and democracy among the French.
2
,10. **Influence of Philosophers:** Intellectuals like Voltaire, Rousseau, and Montesquieu
criticized the monarchy and advocated for social and political reforms.
11. **Social Unrest:** Growing unrest among the urban and rural poor due to economic
hardships.
12. **Bankruptcy of the Treasury:** The state's treasury was on the verge of bankruptcy due
to war expenses and lavish court spending.
13. **Lack of Reforms:** Previous attempts at reform were thwarted by the nobility and clergy
who sought to preserve their privileges.
14. **Oppression by the Nobility:** The nobility's exploitation of the peasants and the exercise
of feudal privileges.
15. **Resentment towards the Clergy:** Public discontent towards the clergy's wealth, tax
exemptions, and interference in secular affairs.
16. **Inefficient Bureaucracy:** A cumbersome and inefficient bureaucratic system that
hindered effective governance.
17. **Influence of the Middle Class:** The rising influence and aspirations of the bourgeoisie
who sought political power and economic opportunities.
18. **Unemployment:** High levels of unemployment and poverty in urban areas.
19. **Desire for Political Participation:** The desire of the common people to have a say in
the nation's governance.
20. **Deficit Spending:** Government spending beyond its means, contributing to the financial
crisis.
21. **Stagnant Social Mobility:** Limited opportunities for social mobility, with little chance of
upward mobility for the common people.
22. **Political Oppression:** Suppression of political dissent and restriction of civil liberties.
23. **Ineffectiveness of the Estates-General:** The Estates-General, the representative
assembly, was rarely convened and had limited powers.
24. **Debates over Taxation Reform:** Disagreements over tax reforms and resistance from
the privileged classes.
3
, 25. **Intellectual Revolution:** A growing intellectual revolution challenging traditional beliefs
and authority.
26. **Enlightened Monarchs:** Some monarchs and nobles themselves advocated for limited
reforms.
27. **Military Defeats:** Military losses in wars further undermined the monarch's legitimacy.
28. **Public Debt Crisis:** The growing burden of public debt, leading to concerns about
repayment.
29. **Influence of Salons:** Intellectual salons and gatherings provided a platform for
revolutionary ideas to spread.
30. **Rising Cost of Living:** The cost of living increased while wages remained stagnant.
31. **Ideas of Representative Government:** Growing demands for representative
government and democratic reforms.
32. **Bourgeoisie Resentment:** The bourgeoisie resented their exclusion from political power
and privileges.
33. **Tension between Social Classes:** Tensions between the nobility, bourgeoisie, and
peasants over power and resources.
34. **Ideas of Natural Rights:** The idea of natural rights and individual liberties gaining
popularity.
35. **Influence of Political Pamphlets:** The spread of political pamphlets criticizing the
monarchy and advocating for change.
36. **Revolutionary Propaganda:** Revolutionary groups and societies disseminated ideas
promoting change.
37. **Secularization of Ideas:** An increasing desire to separate church and state.
38. **Ideas of Republicanism:** The appeal of republican ideas and the concept of a
nation-state.
39. **Intellectual Dissent:** Intellectuals and writers challenging the existing social and political
order.
40. **Influence of the Printing Press:** The printing press enabled the widespread
dissemination of revolutionary ideas.
4
European history CSS notes for CSS-24:
Prepared by : Janib Ali Sheedi
Part : I
#Age of Renaissance ;
1#.Napoleon's military conquests changed both the map and the
political balance of power.
2#.Discuss how Congress of Vienna (1815) changed politics of europe
;
3#.Explain impacts of revolutions of 1830 and 1848 in Europe ;
4#.Evaluate inherent strengths of Bismark in achieving German
Unification;
5#.Discuss unification of Italy ;
6#.Continental System after French revolution ;
7#.Short Notes ;
A#.Socialism vs Capitalism ;
B#.Neo-Colonialism ;
1
,C#.Napoleonic Codes ;
D#.Policy of Appeasement ;
E#.Balkan Crisis 1990s/1920s.
F#.German Question ;
G#.Divide and Fall of Berlin Wall;
The French Revolution was a complex and multifaceted event, influenced by numerous
factors. Here are 50 causes that contributed to its occurrence:
1. **Financial Crisis:** France faced severe financial difficulties due to wars, extravagant
spending by the monarchy, and an inefficient tax system.
2. **Tax Burden:** The common people bore the heaviest tax burden, while the nobility and
clergy were largely exempt.
3. **Rising National Debt:** Accumulation of a massive national debt from costly wars and
financial mismanagement.
4. **Food Shortages:** Poor harvests and high bread prices led to food shortages and
widespread hunger.
5. **Inequality:** The society was marked by stark social inequalities, with privileges and wealth
concentrated in the hands of the nobility and clergy.
6. **Corruption in the Government:** Corruption was rampant in the government and
administration, leading to public discontent.
7. **Ineffectiveness of the Monarchy:** King Louis XVI's weak leadership and inability to
address the nation's problems.
8. **Enlightenment Ideas:** Influence of Enlightenment thinkers and their ideas on individual
rights, liberty, and democracy.
9. **American Revolution:** The success of the American Revolution inspired notions of liberty
and democracy among the French.
2
,10. **Influence of Philosophers:** Intellectuals like Voltaire, Rousseau, and Montesquieu
criticized the monarchy and advocated for social and political reforms.
11. **Social Unrest:** Growing unrest among the urban and rural poor due to economic
hardships.
12. **Bankruptcy of the Treasury:** The state's treasury was on the verge of bankruptcy due
to war expenses and lavish court spending.
13. **Lack of Reforms:** Previous attempts at reform were thwarted by the nobility and clergy
who sought to preserve their privileges.
14. **Oppression by the Nobility:** The nobility's exploitation of the peasants and the exercise
of feudal privileges.
15. **Resentment towards the Clergy:** Public discontent towards the clergy's wealth, tax
exemptions, and interference in secular affairs.
16. **Inefficient Bureaucracy:** A cumbersome and inefficient bureaucratic system that
hindered effective governance.
17. **Influence of the Middle Class:** The rising influence and aspirations of the bourgeoisie
who sought political power and economic opportunities.
18. **Unemployment:** High levels of unemployment and poverty in urban areas.
19. **Desire for Political Participation:** The desire of the common people to have a say in
the nation's governance.
20. **Deficit Spending:** Government spending beyond its means, contributing to the financial
crisis.
21. **Stagnant Social Mobility:** Limited opportunities for social mobility, with little chance of
upward mobility for the common people.
22. **Political Oppression:** Suppression of political dissent and restriction of civil liberties.
23. **Ineffectiveness of the Estates-General:** The Estates-General, the representative
assembly, was rarely convened and had limited powers.
24. **Debates over Taxation Reform:** Disagreements over tax reforms and resistance from
the privileged classes.
3
, 25. **Intellectual Revolution:** A growing intellectual revolution challenging traditional beliefs
and authority.
26. **Enlightened Monarchs:** Some monarchs and nobles themselves advocated for limited
reforms.
27. **Military Defeats:** Military losses in wars further undermined the monarch's legitimacy.
28. **Public Debt Crisis:** The growing burden of public debt, leading to concerns about
repayment.
29. **Influence of Salons:** Intellectual salons and gatherings provided a platform for
revolutionary ideas to spread.
30. **Rising Cost of Living:** The cost of living increased while wages remained stagnant.
31. **Ideas of Representative Government:** Growing demands for representative
government and democratic reforms.
32. **Bourgeoisie Resentment:** The bourgeoisie resented their exclusion from political power
and privileges.
33. **Tension between Social Classes:** Tensions between the nobility, bourgeoisie, and
peasants over power and resources.
34. **Ideas of Natural Rights:** The idea of natural rights and individual liberties gaining
popularity.
35. **Influence of Political Pamphlets:** The spread of political pamphlets criticizing the
monarchy and advocating for change.
36. **Revolutionary Propaganda:** Revolutionary groups and societies disseminated ideas
promoting change.
37. **Secularization of Ideas:** An increasing desire to separate church and state.
38. **Ideas of Republicanism:** The appeal of republican ideas and the concept of a
nation-state.
39. **Intellectual Dissent:** Intellectuals and writers challenging the existing social and political
order.
40. **Influence of the Printing Press:** The printing press enabled the widespread
dissemination of revolutionary ideas.
4
