Psych 460 exam Study Guide – Pass
Guaranteed
How does PLAY contribute to development? - ✔✔- spatial understanding, attention to detail
- how to cope with fears, resolve disputes, interact with others
- internally motivated activity
continuous development - ✔✔process of small changes
discontinuous development - ✔✔occasional, sudden
Piaget's conservation-of-liquid task demonstrates that preoperational children's thinking is
characterized by __________ in that they focus on one aspect of a situation, neglecting other
important features. - ✔✔centration
What kind of development does Piaget's conservation-of-liquid task demonstrate? -
✔✔discontinuous development
stage theories - ✔✔- development occurs in a progression of distinct age-related states
- entry into new stage happens when qualitative changes that affect thinking move child into a
different coherent way of experiencing the world
cognitive development (Jean Piaget) - ✔✔between birth and adolescence, children go
through 4 stages of cognitive growth
Most developmental changes are _____, development occurs skill by skill. - ✔✔GRADUAL
,T or F: Development can appear continuous and discontinuous depending on perspective and
analysis. - ✔✔TRUE
mechanisms - ✔✔- producing increasingly precise accounts of the processes that produce an
outcome of interest
- can be behavioral, neural, or genetic
effortful attention - ✔✔involves voluntary control of one's emotions and thoughts, includes
inhibiting impulses, controlling emotions, and focusing attention
What is difficulty in exerting effortful attention associated with? - ✔✔behavioral problems,
weak math and reading skills, mental illness
limbic area - ✔✔part of the brain that plays a large role in emotional reactions
anterior cingulate - ✔✔an area associated with acts of will
prefrontal cortex - ✔✔part of frontal lobe responsible for thinking, planning, and language
What three brain structures have a particularly strong connection and develop considerably
during childhood? - ✔✔limbic area, anterior cingulate, prefrontal cortex
neurotransmitters - ✔✔chemicals involved in communication among brain cells
hippocampus - ✔✔a neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit
memories for storage and learning
How does sleep promote learning and generalization? - ✔✔through the maturation of the
hippocampus
, T or F: Learning can change the wiring of the brain system that produces effortful attention. -
✔✔TRUE
Active Systems Consolidation Theory - ✔✔two interconnected brain areas, the hippocampus
and the cortex, simultaneously encode new information during learning
How does the Active Systems Consolidation Theory work in older children and adults? -
✔✔Hippocampal memories are replayed during sleep, which allows opportunities for the
cortex to extract general patterns from the specific memories stored in the hippocampus. The
hippocampus learns details of learning after 1-2 experiences; the cortex produces abstraction
of general patterns over many experiences.
sociocultural context - ✔✔culture, economic circumstances, particular time in history, and
particular institutions that create a particular set of physical and social environments
Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory - ✔✔An environmental systems theory that focuses on
five environmental systems: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and
chronosystem.
cross-cultural comparisons - ✔✔comparing the lives of children who grow up in different
cultures
socioeconomic status - ✔✔status in society based on level of education, income, and
occupational prestige
What are the effects of poverty on children's development? - ✔✔- more likely to have
serious health problems, emotional problems, smaller vocabularies, lower IQs, lower math and
reading score, have a baby and drop out of schiik
- brains have less surface area in areas that support spoken language, reading, and spatial skills
Guaranteed
How does PLAY contribute to development? - ✔✔- spatial understanding, attention to detail
- how to cope with fears, resolve disputes, interact with others
- internally motivated activity
continuous development - ✔✔process of small changes
discontinuous development - ✔✔occasional, sudden
Piaget's conservation-of-liquid task demonstrates that preoperational children's thinking is
characterized by __________ in that they focus on one aspect of a situation, neglecting other
important features. - ✔✔centration
What kind of development does Piaget's conservation-of-liquid task demonstrate? -
✔✔discontinuous development
stage theories - ✔✔- development occurs in a progression of distinct age-related states
- entry into new stage happens when qualitative changes that affect thinking move child into a
different coherent way of experiencing the world
cognitive development (Jean Piaget) - ✔✔between birth and adolescence, children go
through 4 stages of cognitive growth
Most developmental changes are _____, development occurs skill by skill. - ✔✔GRADUAL
,T or F: Development can appear continuous and discontinuous depending on perspective and
analysis. - ✔✔TRUE
mechanisms - ✔✔- producing increasingly precise accounts of the processes that produce an
outcome of interest
- can be behavioral, neural, or genetic
effortful attention - ✔✔involves voluntary control of one's emotions and thoughts, includes
inhibiting impulses, controlling emotions, and focusing attention
What is difficulty in exerting effortful attention associated with? - ✔✔behavioral problems,
weak math and reading skills, mental illness
limbic area - ✔✔part of the brain that plays a large role in emotional reactions
anterior cingulate - ✔✔an area associated with acts of will
prefrontal cortex - ✔✔part of frontal lobe responsible for thinking, planning, and language
What three brain structures have a particularly strong connection and develop considerably
during childhood? - ✔✔limbic area, anterior cingulate, prefrontal cortex
neurotransmitters - ✔✔chemicals involved in communication among brain cells
hippocampus - ✔✔a neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit
memories for storage and learning
How does sleep promote learning and generalization? - ✔✔through the maturation of the
hippocampus
, T or F: Learning can change the wiring of the brain system that produces effortful attention. -
✔✔TRUE
Active Systems Consolidation Theory - ✔✔two interconnected brain areas, the hippocampus
and the cortex, simultaneously encode new information during learning
How does the Active Systems Consolidation Theory work in older children and adults? -
✔✔Hippocampal memories are replayed during sleep, which allows opportunities for the
cortex to extract general patterns from the specific memories stored in the hippocampus. The
hippocampus learns details of learning after 1-2 experiences; the cortex produces abstraction
of general patterns over many experiences.
sociocultural context - ✔✔culture, economic circumstances, particular time in history, and
particular institutions that create a particular set of physical and social environments
Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory - ✔✔An environmental systems theory that focuses on
five environmental systems: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and
chronosystem.
cross-cultural comparisons - ✔✔comparing the lives of children who grow up in different
cultures
socioeconomic status - ✔✔status in society based on level of education, income, and
occupational prestige
What are the effects of poverty on children's development? - ✔✔- more likely to have
serious health problems, emotional problems, smaller vocabularies, lower IQs, lower math and
reading score, have a baby and drop out of schiik
- brains have less surface area in areas that support spoken language, reading, and spatial skills
