ENVS 1126 Final Exam | Complete Solutions (Answered)

ENVS 1126 Final Exam | Complete Solutions (Answered) A disproportionately high placement of toxic waste sites in regions of the United States populated by minorities most likely indicates a. a demographic transition. b. environmental racism and justice. c. sustainable development. d. urban "smart growth." With few exceptions, inorganic compounds do not have a. nitrogen-oxygen bonds or carbon-oxygen bonds. b. potassium-sodium bonds or hydrogen-chlorine bonds. c. carbon-hydrogen bonds or carbon-carbon bonds. d. hydrogen-nitrogen bonds or carbon-oxygen bonds. Unlike with most species, human population ecology must also include consideration of the a. impact of infectious disease on mortality. b. interactions of the global human population. c. ability of humans to construct safe places to live. d. impact of severe weather on human health and safety. The fact that every organism in a biological community has a distinctly separate niche is largely the result of a. abiotic factors: soil chemistry, temperature, and moisture. b. seasonal climate changes. c. the fact that nearly all species live at the limits of their tolerance boundaries. d. competition among many species for limited resources. Which of the following best represents potential energy? a. Sunlight shining on people on a beach b. A breeze blowing across the top of a lake c. A charged battery in a flashlight d. Cars stopped at an intersection The Ivory-Billed Woodpecker, long thought extinct, may have been found in deep woods of Missouri. Even though a few individuals may have survived, this may not be enough to avoid extinction of this species. What else must these few birds do to ensure the survival of the species? a. Maintain a viable breeding colony in the face of environmental resistance factors b. Defend a territory against other bird species and predators c. Migrate to a better habitat that is more protected from people d. Shift to a new source of food widely available in their region Which of the following was not a consequence of the Neolithic Revolution? a. Increased mortality b. Trade with other human populations c. Establishment of cities and cultural centers d. Specialization of labor A country that has undergone a full demographic transition has a. a higher birth rate and a lower death rate, and it is about to undergo industrialization. b. a higher birth rate and a lower death rate. c. a lower birth rate and a higher death rate. d. a lower birth rate, a lower death rate, and it has undergone significant economic growth. The destruction of oyster larvae in Oregon aquaculture tanks was caused by a. pathogenic bacteria. b. minute predators accidentally imported in sea water. c. temperatures too warm for larval survival. d. increase in the acidity of sea water in which the larvae were incubated. A grasshopper population in a prairie is limited in large part by the number of birds in the region. Following a hurricane that killed many of the birds, the grasshopper population exhibits exponential growth. This happens because the grasshoppers experienced a. a new biotic potential with steady environmental resistance. b. a new much lower biotic potential with decreased environmental resistance. c. a steady biotic potential but suddenly decreased environmental resistance. d. a decreased biotic potential and decreased environmental resistance. Researchers wanted to determine if pesticide Z was effective at killing grasshoppers that typically invade cornfields. Two ten-acre cornfields located 1 mile apart were chosen. The cornfield to the west was sprayed only with water. The cornfield on the east received the same amount of water with a 10% solution of pesticide Z. Samples of the numbers of grasshoppers in the field were made every week for 10 weeks. They found that the number of grasshoppers doubled after ten weeks in the west field treated only with water. They also found that the number of grasshoppers declined by 50% after 10 weeks in the East field treated with water and pesticide Z. Which field was the control group? a. There were no controls in this experiment. b. The west field was the control group. c. The east field was the control group. d. Both fields were controls for one another. Globalization via the Internet and social media has been most effective addressing which of the following problems? a. Global climate change b. The challenges of producing and distributing enough food for the people of the world c. The dispersion of exotic species to new locations in the world d. The spread of infectious organisms Along the shoreline of a pond, Canadian geese, American toads, and grass frogs search for food while bluegill and bass prey on small fish in the shallow water. These species, living and feeding in this particular location, represent one a. community. b. ecosystem. c. species. d. population. Which revolution stimulated exponential growth of the human population? a. The Environmental Revolution b. The Medical Revolution c. The Industrial Revolution d. The Green Revolution The Haber-Bosch process creates nitrogenous fertilizers by a. converting nitrogen gas and hydrogen to ammonia. b. extracting reactive nitrogen from soils. c. extracting nitrogen oxides from the gases produced when fossil fuels are burned. d. allowing vegetative detritus to break down under anaerobic conditions. Biodiversity is important because a. if certain species decline, photosynthesis may not be possible b. if certain species decline, there would be too much oxygen in the atmosphere c. it is necessary to maintain stability of ecosystems d. humans can use new sources of food The global human population in 2015 is more than a. 7.3 billion and is growing at a rate of 1.1%. b. 13 billion and is decreasing by 3% each year in developing nations. c. 2.2 billion and is no longer growing. d. 10 billion and is increasing at an annual rate of 5%. Answers to which one of the following questions would be most useful in determining whether two populations are separate species? a. Do they live on the same continent? b. Do they appear anatomically similar? c. Do they interbreed to produce viable hybrids? d. Do they require similar nutrients? You sit comfortably in your room studying and notice that the air temperature is fluctuating considerably. Perhaps the air conditioning system is not well regulated. Sometimes it gets too hot and you sweat, while other times you get so cold that you shiver. When you are sweating or shivering, you are exhibiting your a. limits of tolerance. b. temperature optima. c. abiotic independence. d. resource range. Which of the following best represents kinetic energy? a. A hot burner on a stove b. A charged battery c. The energy in the wax molecules of a candle d. Gunpowder in a bullet Most of the energy captured by photosynthesis is stored in chemical bonds in a. oxygen. b. glucose. c. carbon dioxide. d. water. The risk of introducing a natural enemy to control an invasive species is that a. the natural enemy might also become an invasive pest. b. it might drive the invasive species to extinction. c. the natural enemy may introduce genetic diversity into the invasive species. d. the natural enemy might evolve into a new species. Some birds consume certain soils in what is called geophagy. In some cases, the soils help the birds digest toxins that occur in their diets. These birds eating soil represent a member of the a. atmosphere consuming a component of the hydrosphere. b. lithosphere consuming a component of the biosphere. c. biosphere consuming a component of the lithosphere. d. hydrosphere consuming a component of the atmosphere. Which of the following organisms is most likely a K-strategist? a. Fruit flies b. Bacteria c. Oak trees d. Bullfrog The natural modes of nitrogen fixation are a. fossil fuel combustion. b. various industrial processes of making fertilizers. c. lightning and bacterial fixation in soils. d. denitrification and various industrial processes. The GINI index assesses a. the attitudes of stewardship in various nations. b. the relative size of national ecological and carbon footprints. c. the rate at which technology is affecting consumption patterns within a nation. d. the relative economic disparity within nations. - it measures the distribution of income across a population. Walking through a national park, you step off a well-marked trail to take a photograph and accidentally trample a rare orchid. This is an example of a. commensalism. b. mutualism. c. amensalism. - When one organism is harmed and the other is unaffected. Stepping on an orchid does not affect the person, it only harms the orchid. d. predation Rabbits in Australia a. are an example of the high biotic potential of some introduced species coupled with a lack of natural predators. b. have now evolved into three new species as the rabbits adapted to their new environments. c. evolved with marsupials and are a natural part of the Australian landscape. d. have recently been eliminated by introducing a lethal rabbit virus. Two species have separate ranges but use the same food resources. However, their ranges overlap in one area. It is found in the area of overlap that the species have evolved separate anatomical specializations that reduce interspecific competition for food. This is an example of a. biotic transformation. b. resource partitioning. c. competitive exclusion. d. character displacement. Living organisms draw their essential elements from a. the atmosphere and lithosphere. b. the atmosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere. - the biosphere interacts with the three sphere by exchanging elements and energy. c. the lithosphere. d. the atmosphere. Which of the following represents a type of top-down regulation for wildflowers living in a forest? a. Amount and timing of precipitation b. Strength and frequency of sunlight c. Herbivores in the region - top-down is the control of a population by predation. Bottom-up is the control of a population that occurs because of scarcity of resources. With that being said, the herbivores eat the wildflowers, resulting in a top-down regulation. d. Types of minerals in the soil A stable population would remain unchanged if a. births and deaths increased by the same quantity. b. the birth rate increased as the death rate decreased. c. emigration rates and death rates increased equally. d. births and emmigration increased by the same quantity Adaptation in populations takes place in response to only the selective pressures they currently experience Which of the following is not a renewable resource? oil reserves, buried deep below the surface of the ground In Lake Michigan, resources would include microscopic algae in the water Which of the following human traits are typical of K-strategists? parental care for long duration In general, the movement toward sustainability is growing, with greater interest from governments and businesses Which of the following statements is not true of the sulfur cycle? Unlike nitrogen and carbon, organisms do not require or contain sulfur Which revolution is most responsible for the shift from phase I to phase II in the process of demographic transitions? The Medical Revolution The confidence in a scientific theory is most related to the amount of unbiased supporting evidence When a single species evolves into two species, the new species must be reproductively isolated On land, the carbon dioxide used today in photosynthesis to form carbon-containing organic molecules of plant tissues is mostly returned to the air because of respiration in plants, animals, and organisms in the soil The greatest human population increases over the next few decades is expected to occur in Africa Which of the following is a recent political response to efforts of the environmental movement? increased conflict over access to publicly owned resources Perpetual motion machines without an additional energy input cannot exist because in any energy conversion, some energy is lost Which revolution may yet have the greatest impact on the future quality of life for people on Earth? The Environmental Revolution Which of these are most prominent if you find yourself standing in the midst of a jack pine forest in Northern Michigan just after a winter blizzard? Hydrosphere and Biosphere In general, careful and detailed economic studies indicate that environmental protection helps the environment a. but hurts the economy and is bad for jobs b. and helps the economy but costs the loss of jobs c. and produces more jobs but hurts the economy d. and does not hurt the economy or cost a net loss of jobs The most difficult arena in which to attempt to gain consensus on environmental policy is a. international b. local c. national d. state The region of Kerala in India demonstrates that improvements in health care and longevity are correlated with a. increased reliance upon India's caste system b. decreases in literacy rates c. reductions in total fertility rates and a high literacy rate d. decreases in per capita income Countries that have completed or nearly completed the demographic transition experienced a. the epidemiological transition and industrialization within the last decade. b. a resource and technology transition that gave rise to the green revolution. c. the epidemiological transition and industrialization over 100 years ago. d. a political and sociological transition that gave rise to increased rural lifestyles. To implement China's one-child policy, the government a. pursued strict compliance in rural agricultural areas but not in urban areas. b. promoted voluntary compliance as a patriotic act. c. deported anyone who did not comply. d. instituted an elaborate system of economic and social incentives and penalties. Natural capital includes ecosystem capital plus a. money available to invest in growing industry. b. natural forms of energy, such as solar, wind, and flowing water. c. nonrenewable resources such as fossil fuels. d. all of the products of photosynthesis in the biosphere. Which of the following about AIDS is true? a. In Swaziland, the incidence of AIDS is lower than in most developed countries due to the increased reliance on condoms. b. AIDS is most abundant in developed countries. c. AIDS deaths have declined due to increased funding from developed countries. d. In sub-Saharan Africa, AIDS is primarily spread through homosexual contact. Unlike high-income countries, low-income countries rely most on their a. intangible capital. b. natural capital. c. human resources. d. produced capital. Microlending has a. produced million of loans, primarily to women, in more than 40 countries with a 97% pay-back rate. b. been successful in large part due to considerable investments by the United Nations to cover the losses of more than 40% of the unpaid loans. c. struggled because far too many poor people are unable to pay off their loans while under impoverished conditions. d. been limited to Bangladesh and two other countries because it requires specific conditions. Large families in poor countries a. are common, due largely because of low infant and childhood mortality. b. are rare, because having many children is expensive. c. are becoming more common as the use of modern agriculture increases. d. are common, in part because more children means more labor. The preparation and publication of the book Silent Spring represented which stage of the policy life cycle? a. Control b. Recognition c. Implementation d. Formulation India's improvements in food production and health care have: a. been offset by tremendous growth in population size b. brought India the levels of development equal to most industrialized countries c. resulted in literacy rates above 80% for women d. resulted in most people employed in high-tech jobs in the cities You are a newly appointed advisor in a government project to help move a developing country forward economically. With limited financial resources and staffing, which of the following would be your highest priority? a. Help the government promote family planning throughout the country. b. Create new businesses by partnering with developed nations. c. Shift the focus of agriculture to that which will produce the highest yields of nutritious foods. d. Build up the ports of the country to increase the ability to import and export products. Unlike developed countries, a leading cause of child mortality in developing countries is a. a snakebite or large predators such as crocodiles and tigers. b. cancer. c. communicable diseases, diarrhea, and other common afflictions. d. accidents involving farm equipment and other agricultural activities. Citizen science and citizen involvement in policy formulation a. can help move policymaking out of the hands of special interest groups into law. b. have generally hampered local policies to fix environmental problems. c. make it even more difficult to enact international environmental policy. d. are a continuing source of junk science and misinformed opinion. Environmental public policy is intended to a. ensure access to natural resources for industry. b. measure the impact of industrial wastes on the environment. c. promote the harvesting of natural resources. d. improve human welfare and protect the natural world. From a global sustainability perspective, economic production a. is the sum of all photosynthesis in the biosphere and the resulting natural products. b. is the process of converting the natural world to the manufactured world. c. consists of all of the natural products and natural resources in the world, which are available for harvesting by humans. d. represents the summed gross national products of all We would expect that increased industrialization and development would affect the poverty cycle by a. increasing the demand for food. b. increasing the use of contraceptives. c. decreasing the use of natural resources. d. increasing available resources, resulting in still larger family sizes. The correct answer is: increasing the use of contraceptives. Large stocks of fish in the Great Lakes represent