Summary Eduhint 3TTO 4,1-4,5

Summary 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5




4.1 Worldwide armed violence

 Governments will do anything to keep their power.
o Invading, bombing, overthrowing other governments, influence lections, etc.

Battlefield: where, why and how?

 25 deaths per year< = armed conflict
 Conflicts arise where one group of people exerts power over another group that doesn’t want that.
 International conflicts  take place between countries.
 Internal conflicts or civil wars  remain withing borders, caused by insurgents who fight against the
government or against each other.
 Internationalized conflict  when foreign countries get involved in an internal conflict/civil war.
 Terrorism is violence to achieve a political goal, for example with bomb attacks.

How do you draw a border?

 A state is an area with a border surrounding it.
o Withing a statelaws and rules
o A state has the right to sovereignty or self-determination: the state exercises power and other
states are not allowed to interfere with domestic affairs.
 People in a state feel that they belong to each other.
 Form a people or nation.
 Ethnicity is used to describe the cultures and the origins of a people.
 You call the residential are of a people their territory.
o When a people have their own state, there is little reason for conflict.

Discussion of border

 Borders are created by those in power.
 Due to subordination or suppression by the central authority, a people sometimes demands
independence.
o Called separatism
 As a government, if you suppress a peoplethey suppressed people want to have freedom.
 Ummahworldwide connection between Muslims
o When the ummah becomes a violent conflict, you call it jihadism

Learning objectives

 You know where armed conflicts in the world occur.
 You understand why internal conflicts can arise.
 You see the connections between conflicts using atlas maps and other data.

, 4.2 Origin of conflict

Economic causes

 Some areas on Earth seem worthless, but sometimes it turns out that there are many natural resources in
such areas.
o The earnings from these natural resources are not always benefitting the local people who live in
poverty.
o The extraction often leads to major ecological problems in their habitat.
 Chance of conflict is very high
o Called the paradox of abundance or resource curse.

Cultural and demographic causes

 There are often conflicts between different cultures and religions.
o Lots of armed conflicts between Muslims.
 The spark that ignites the conflict is subordination (someone else plays the boss often
the government)
 Culture or religion = often not the cause
 Cause = combination of an unfair distribution of power and a sense of poverty.
 Country with a youth bulge
o Conflicts can explode extremely fast.
 Particularly high unemployment leads to frustration and resistance to who are in power.

The role of the government

 In conflict areas, an authoritarian regime or dictatorship is often in power.
o Power lies with one person or a small group.
 In countries where conflicts are there is often a fragile state
o A fragile state is a vulnerable state, where the government has virtually no control and where
there is corruption, crime and economic chaos everywhere.
 In some countries there is democracy but the government does not take good care of all its citizens.

Learning objectives

 You know what can cause conflicts.
 You understand the connection between he outbreak of conflicts, the establishment of peace and the role
of the government in this.
 In a conflict you can distinguish the different parties and their views, and weigh them up against each
other.